. 2018 Jan 16;11:35. doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3152-9

Table 3.

Multivariate analyses investigating nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) before or after illegal drug use (n = 1345)

Characteristic	ARYS (n = 512)				VIDUS (n = 833)
	NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)		Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)		NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)		Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)
	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age per year older							0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.128
Male gender^a
Caucasian ancestry^a							2.39 (1.38–4.19)	0.002
Homeless^a
High school incompletion^a
Daily heroin use^a,b,c	3.76 (1.33–13.52)	0.022	3.68 (1.37–12.79)	0.019
Daily stimulant use^a,b,c,d
Binge drug use^a,b,c	2.05 (1.08–3.95)	0.030	2.07 (1.12–3.90)	0.022
$ spent on drugs/day^b,e
Non-fatal overdose^a,c					1.81 (1.03–3.19)	0.038	2.43 (1.42–4.19)	0.001
Methadone treatment^a	2.22 (0.86–6.51)	0.118	3.13 (1.32–8.68)	0.016	4.43 (2.50–7.96)	< 0.001	3.63 (2.12–6.24)	< 0.001
Emergency room visit^a,b
Depression symptoms^a
Childhood trauma^a					1.96 (1.10–3.53)	0.023	1.85 (1.05–3.24)	0.033
Experience violence^a,b	2.42 (1.18–5.28)	0.020	2.74 (1.36–5.93)	0.007
Incarceration^a					1.92 (0.93–3.90)	0.072	2.26 (1.11–4.50)	0.021
Regular employment^a,b
Drug dealing^a,b			1.85 (0.87–4.32)	0.127	4.06 (1.72–11.31)	0.003	2.68 (1.17–7.29)	0.032
Sex work^a

^aComparison is yes vs. no

^bRefers to activities, behaviours, and experiences in the last 6 months

^cIncludes injection and non-injection drug use

^dIncludes crack cocaine, cocaine, or crystal methamphetamine use

^eComparison is <median vs. ≥ median