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The activity of the corresponding TGF-β signaling pathway was detected by Western blotting. (A) The expression of gremlin protein was analyzed by Western blotting. (B–G) The ratio of p-Smad2/Smad2, p-Smad3/Smad3, p-MKK/MKK, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, and p-JNK/JNK. * P<0.05 compared with the NG group.
