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. 2018 Jan 16;17:36. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2181-0

Table 1.

Reported cases of transfusion- transmitted malaria (TTM) in malaria non-endemic areas

Countrya Year Donor gender and age Donor origin and last exposure Recipient gender and age Recipient incubation (delayed diagnosis) Recipient outcome Blood component transfused Plasmodium species Diagnosis method recipient (donor) References
Canada
Western region 1936 M Mediterranean area F
13 years		 3 weeks (5 weeks) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM) [17]
Ontario 1936 M Romania
25 years		 F 26 days (2 weeks) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM) [18]
Alberta 1977 F
23 years		 Africa
2 years		 F
60 years		 29 days (29 days) Recovery WB P. ovale LM (IFAT) [19]
Quebec 1994 N/A Cameroon
> 3 years		 M
63 years		 N/A (3 weeks) Recovery RBCs, PLTs, FFP P. falciparum LM (LM) [20]
Ontario 1995 M Mali
4 years		 F
24 years		 15 days (3 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM, PCR (PCR) [20]
Ontario 1997 F
19 years		 Ghana
4 years		 F
62 years		 21 days (5 weeks) Recovery RBCs, FFP P. falciparum LM, PCR [20]
USA
New York 1911 N/A N/A M
54 years		 11 days “Pernicious anaemia” WB P. vivax LM [1]
Colorado 1929 M
32 years		 Greece
16 years		 F
2½ years		 19–25 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM) [21]
New York 1932 M Italy F
1.5 years		 4 weeks (17 days) Recovery WB P. malariae LM [22]
New York 1932 M Italy
12 years		 M
9 months		 6 weeks Recovery WB P. malariae LM [22]
New York 1933 F Greece F
8 years		 < 8 weeks Death due to pneumonia WB P. malariae LM [22]
New York 1936 M Greece
33 years		 F
1 year		 29 days Recovery WB P. malariae LM [22]
New York 1936 M Colombia
10 years		 M
3 years		 2 months Recovery WB P. malariae LM [22]
New York 1944 M
40 years		 North Africa veteran
1 year		 F
32 years		 11–4 days (35 days) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM) [23]
Rhode Island 1946 M or F Italy or New England F
40 years		 2 months (2 days) Recovery WB, FFP P. malariae LM (LM) [24]
Pennsylvania 1946 N/A Army returnee F 3 weeks (9 days) Recovery WB P. vivax LM [25]
California 1968 M
19 years		 Vietnam veteran
7 months		 M
60 years		 4 days (on the day) N/A WB P. falciparum LM (LM) [26]
Connecticut 1968 N/A Mexico
5 years		 F
8 months		 6 ½ months Recovery WB P. malariae LM [27]
Washington state 1968 M
22 years		 Vietnam veteran
1 year		 F
54 years		 13 days (9 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [28]
Oklahoma 1968 M
21 years		 Vietnam veteran
5 months		 F
25 years		 16 days (7 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (LM) [28]
Washington D.C. 1969 M Nigeria
> 2 years		 M
56 years		 17 days (6 days) Death WB P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [29]
New York 1970 M Ghana
1 year		 M
34 years		 6 days (2 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [30]
Chicago 1972 N/A N/A M
5 months		 16 days (6 days) Recovery WB P. vivax LM [31]
New York 1971 N/A N/A M
24 years		 Multiple transfusions (7 days) Recovery WB P. vivax LM (IFAT) [32]
New York 1974 N/A N/A F
42 years		 9 weeks (on the day) Recovery RBCs, PLTs, FFP P. malariae LM (IFAT) [32]
New York 1974 F
53 years		 Greece
22 years		 F
78 years		 Multiple transfusions (~ 30 days) Recovery WB, RBCs P. malariae LM, IFAT (IFAT) [33]
New York 1974 M
38 years		 Cyprus
4 years		 F
42 years		 35 days (1 month) Recovery RBCs, PLTs, FFP P. malariae LM, IFAT (IFAT) [33]
Tennessee 1974 M
28 years		 Nigeria
8 years		 F
15 years		 3 months (12 days) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM, IFAT) [34]
Wisconsin 1977 N/A Africa
recent		 F
57 years		 Multiple transfusions (28 days) Death due to refractory leukaemia PLTs P. falciparum LM (LM) [35]
New York state 1978 M Ghana
10 months		 F
65 years		 16 days (1 day) Recovery WB, RBCs, FFP P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [36]
California 1980 M N/A M
6 years		 15 days (2 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM) [37]
California 1982 M Nigeria
7 years		 M
premature		 6 weeks Death due to pneumonia WB P. ovale LM, IFAT (IFAT) [38]
Boston 1982 N/A N/A M
premature		 7 weeks (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. malariae LM (LM) [39]
Boston 1982 N/A N/A M
premature		 10 weeks (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. malariae LM (LM) [39]
California 1983 M Guatemala
6 months		 M
premature		 5 weeks (on the day) Recovery WB P. vivax LM (LM) [40]
California 1983 M South America
6 months		 M
infant		 14 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. vivax LM (IFAT) [40]
Texas 1992 M
19 years		 Nigeria
7 months		 F
71 years		 7 days (on the day) N/A RBCs, PLTs P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [41]
Texas 1992 M
19 years		 Nigeria
7 months		 M
65 years		 N/A N/A RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [41]
California 1992 M
55 years		 China
44 years		 M
44 years		 7 months (3 months) Recovery RBCs P. malariae LM (IFAT) [41]
Texas 1994 M Nigeria recent F
59 years		 20 days (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [42]
 Texas 1994 M Ghana recent M
46 years		 16 days (7 days) Recovery RBCs, FFP P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [42]
Pennsylvania 1995 M Nigeria
3 years		 F
72 years		 Multiple transfusions Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [43]
Missouri 1996 M West Africa
1 year		 M
70 years		 15 days (on the day) Death RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT, PCR) [44]
Missouri 1997 M West Africa
2 years		 M
85 years		 21 days (on the day) Death RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT, PCR) [44]
Pennsylvania 1998 M West Africa
2 years		 M
49 years		 35 days (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT, PCR) [44]
Texas 2003 M Ghana
2 years		 69 years 17 days (3 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (LM, PCR, IFAT) [45]
Texas 2007 M Nigeria
6 years		 F
25 years		 Multiple transfusions Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [46]
Washington D.C. 2007 M West Africa F 15 days (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM, PCR (LM) [47]
Washington D.C. 2007 M
27 years		 Nigeria
3 years		 M
27 years		 13–28 days (11 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT, PCR) [47]
New Jersey 2007 F
30 years		 Uganda
> 1 year		 M
78 years		 1 year Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT, PCR) [47]
N/A 2007 M
21 years		 Benin
4 years		 F
55 years		 1 month Recovery RBCs, PLTs, FFP P. falciparum LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, EIA) [48]
Georgia 2015 M
20 years		 Liberia
15 years		 M
76 years		 6 months (2 days) Recovery RBCs, FFP P. malariae LM, PCR (LM, PCR, ELISA) [49]
Colombia
Cali 2011 N/A Rural area
9 months		 F
Premature		 Multiple transfusions (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. vivax LM (PCR) [50]
Brasil
 Sao Paulo 2008 M Atlantic forest
1 year		 N/A 75 days (on the day) Recovery RBCs, PLTs, FFP P. malariae LM (LM, PCR, IFAT) [51]
Spain
Valencia 1987 N/A Congo F
32years		 7 days (on the day) N/A WB P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [52]
Madrid 1997 N/A Central Africa F
63 years		 3 weeks (4 weeks) N/A WB P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [53]
Cordoba 2002 N/A N/A F
26 years		 Multiple transfusions (128 days) Recovery WB, RBCs P. falciparum LM
IFAT		 [54]
UK
Midlands 1935 M India
2 years		 M
26 years		 19 days (5 days) Recovery WB P. vivax LM (LM) [55]
London 1938 M Ceylon
12 years		 F
3 months		 10 weeks (on the day) Death WB P. malariae LM (LM) [56]
Durham 1946 M Yemen
7 years		 F
18 years		 7–8 weeks (10 days) Recovery WB P. malariae LM (LM) [57]
N/A 1959 M
19 years		 Nigeria
1 year		 F
41 years		 16 days (6 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (LM) [58]
Oxford 1966 M Far East
20 years		 M
33 years		 10 weeks (1 day) Recovery WB, FFP P. malariae LM (LM) [59]
Buckingmanshire 1967 M Army returnee M
51 years		 N/A Recovery FFP P. malariae LM (LM) [60]
Buckingmanshire 1968 M Africa
18 months		 M
49 years		 11 days (12 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [60]
London 1986 M Africa F
72 years		 13 days (12 days) N/A PLTs P. falciparum LM (LM, IFAT) [61]
London 1986 M Ghana F
81 years		 14 days N/A WB P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [61]
N/A 1994 F Ghana
1 year		 M 15 days (on the day) N/A WB P. falciparum LM (EIA, IFAT) [5]
N/A 1997 F
19 years		 Ghana
3 years		 M
62 years		 4 days Death WB P. falciparum (EIA, IFAT) [5]
N/A 2003 F
38 years		 Ghana
7 years		 M
51 years		 N/A Death WB P. falciparum LM (EIA, IFAT) [5]
Netherlands
Leiden 2011 M
36 years		 Africa
Costa Rica
> 4 years		 F
59 years		 2 months (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. malariae LM, PCR (LM, IFAT, PCR) [62]
Germany
Göttingen 1998 N/A N/A M
18 months		 14 days (9 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM [63]
France
Poitiers 1969 M Portugal
5 months		 F 15 days
(1 month)		 Recovery WB P. malariae LM (IFAT) [64]
Paris 1957 F Tunisia
27 years		 F
32 years		 48 days (4 days) Recovery WB P. vivax LM [65]
Paris 1973 M Senegal
13 years		 M
30 years		 14 days (9 days) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM (IFAT) [65]
Paris 1975 N/A N/A F
24 years		 15 days (18 days) Recovery WB Plasmodium LM (IFAT) [66]
Tours 1977 N/A N/A F
47 years		 15 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. vivax LM [67]
Rouen 1976 N/A Senegal N/A 12 days (10 days) Death N/A P. falciparum (IFAT) [68]
Rouen 1976 N/A Ivory Coast N/A 13 days (6 days) Death N/A P. falciparum (IFAT) [68]
Rouen 1978 N/A N/A N/A 60 days (2 days) Recovery N/A P. malariae (IFAT) [68]
Nancy 1979 M Zaire
1 month		 F
29 years		 15 days (43 days) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum
P. malariae 		LM (IFAT) [69]
Crèteil 1980 M Central Africa M
infant		 2 months (3 days) Recovery RBCs, FFP P. malariae LM [70]
Aulnay-sous-Bois 1986 N/A N/A F
64 years		 16 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. ovale LM [71]
Libourne 1990 M Comores
< 6 months		 F
39 years		 1 month (on the day) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM [72]
Le Chesnay 2002 F
19 years		 Africa
4 years		 M
81 years		 13 days (4 days) Death RBCs P. falciparum LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, PCR) [73]
Tourcoing 2013 N/A Endemic area
3 years		 F
75 years		 14 days (8 days) Death RBCs P. falciparum LM (IFAT, PCR) [74]
Switzerland
Zurich 1999 M
30 years		 Cameroon
6 years		 M
70 years		 14 days (22 days) Death RBCs, FFP P. falciparum LM (IFAT, PCR) [75]
Austria
Wien 1929 M Endemic area
10 years		 N/A 14 days Recovery WB P. vivax LM [76]
Italy
Liguria 1963 N/A N/A M
Premature		 28–40 days Recovery WB P. malariae LM [77]
Liguria 1963 N/A N/A F
8 years		 1–13 days Recovery WB P. vivax LM [78]
Liguria 1964 N/A N/A F
6 years		 Multiple transfusions (4 months) Recovery WB P. vivax LM [78]
Sicily 2005 M Philippine F
35 years		 Multiple transfusions (4 months) Recovery WB P. malariae LM [79]
Veneto 2008 N/A N/A F
29 years
Morocco		 Multiple transfusions (2 weeks) Recovery RBCs P. vivax LM [80]
Algeria
Algiers 1918 M Greece
1 month		 F 15 days (few days) Recovery WB P. praecox b LM (LM) [13]
Lebanon
Beirut 2007 N/A N/A M
28 years		 1 ½ months (2 weeks) Recovery RBCs P. falciparum LM [81]
Beirut 2010 N/A N/A F
46 years		 1 month (2 days) Recovery RBCs P. ovale LM [82]
India
Shimla 2006 N/A N/A F
47 years		 12 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. falciparum LM [83]
Korea
 Taegu, South Corea 2000 M
21 years		 Endemic area M
1 year		 15 days (5 days) Recovery RBCs, FFP P. vivax LM (LM, PCR) [84]
Thailand
Bangkok 2011 M
teenager		 Endemic area
3 weeks		 F
62 years		 15 days (on the day) Recovery RBCs P. knowlesi LM, PCR [85]
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur 2012 M
26 years		 Myanmar
9 months		 M
12 years		 1 week (on the day) N/A WB P. vivax LM, PCR (PCR) [86]
Sabah 2015 M
51 years		 Endemic area F
23 years		 16 days (on the day) Recovery WB P. knowlesi LM, PCR (LM, PCR) [87]

N/A data not available, WB whole blood, RBCs red blood cells, PLTs platelets, FFP fresh frozen plasma, LM light microscopy, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IFAT indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, PCR polymerase chain reaction

aOnly non-endemic areas of the country if malaria endemic were included

bPossible misidentification of P. falciparum