Table 3.
Fixed-effects of multilevel logistic regression showing influence of explanatory variables on likelihood of spousal violence
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Parity | ||||||||
| Childlessref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – |
| Only one child | 1.293*** | 0.790 2.114 | 1.250*** | 0.762 2.051 | 1.295*** | 0.789 2.126 | 1.223*** | 0.739 2.023 |
| Two or more children | 1.570** | 1.074 2.294 | 1.523** | 1.037 2.247 | 1.672** | 1.140 2.452 | 1.508** | 1.017 2.234 |
| Maternal age | ||||||||
| 35–39 yearsref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| 40–44 years | 0.927*** | 0.813 1.056 | ||||||
| 45–49 years | 0.861** | 0.751 0.988 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Noneref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| Primary | 1.566* | 1.351 1.816 | ||||||
| Secondary | 1.285** | 1.086 1.519 | ||||||
| Higher | 0.754** | 0.591 0.961 | ||||||
| Age at first marriage | ||||||||
| Less than 15 yearsref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| 15–19 years | 1.037*** | 0.893 1.203 | ||||||
| 20–24 years | 1.238** | 1.041 1.471 | ||||||
| 25 years or older | 1.087*** | 0.887 1.332 | ||||||
| Pregnancy termination | ||||||||
| Ever terminatedref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| Never terminated | 0.707* | 0.613 0.816 | ||||||
| Proportion who justified wife-battery | ||||||||
| Low | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| High | 1.462* | 1.245 1.718 | 1.425* | 1.216 1.671 | ||||
| Proportion who witnessed interparental violence | ||||||||
| Low | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| High | 1.510* | 1.294 1.761 | 1.359* | 1.167 1.582 | ||||
| Community residence type | ||||||||
| Urbanref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| Rural | 1.125*** | 0.979 1.292 | 1.005*** | 0.855 1.182 | ||||
| Geographic region | ||||||||
| North-centralref | 1.000 | – | 1.000 | – | ||||
| North-east | 1.077*** | 0.879 1.319 | 1.274** | 1.120 1.590 | ||||
| North-west | 0.314* | 0.326 0.478 | 0.544* | 0.439 0.676 | ||||
| South-east | 1.157*** | 0.911 1.471 | 0.792*** | 0.618 1.014 | ||||
| South-south | 0.770** | 0.600 0.988 | 0.540* | 0.417 0.698 | ||||
| South-west | 0.528** | 0.411 0.676 | 0.479* | 0.372 0.616 | ||||
| Type of marriage | ||||||||
| Monogamyref | 1.000 | – | ||||||
| Polygyny | 1.276* | 1.125 1.448 | ||||||
| Partner alcoholic consumption | ||||||||
| Does not drinkref | 1.000 | – | ||||||
| Drinks | 2.952* | 2.563 3.400 | ||||||
| Family power relation | ||||||||
| Not male dominatedref | 1.000 | – | ||||||
| Male dominated | 0.879** | 0.774 0.998 | ||||||
| Household wealth | ||||||||
| Poorestref | 1.000 | – | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.101*** | 0.915 1.323 | ||||||
| Middle | 1.058*** | 0.861 1.301 | ||||||
| Richer | 0.935*** | 0.737 1.188 | ||||||
| Richest | 0.771*** | 0.580 1.024 | ||||||
Ref. (reference category); *p < 0.001, **p < 0.05, ***p > 0.05 (not significant)