Table 4.
Statistically significant (p<0.05) positive (+) or inverse (-) associations between urinary PAH metabolites and demographic factors relative to reference groupa
| Characteristic | 1-NAP | 2-NAP | 2-FLU | 1-PHE | 2,3-PHE | 4-PHE | 9-PHE | 1-PYR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | African-American | + | + | + | |||||
| Other | + | + | + | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Education | Technical school | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Junior/some college | − | − | − | − | − | ||||
| College graduate | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Health insurance | Public | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
|
| |||||||||
| BMI at visit 1 | 25 to <30 kg/m2 | ||||||||
| >30 kg/m2 | − | + | + | + | + | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Smoking | Yes | + | + | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Alcohol use | Yes | + | + | ||||||
a
Reference groups for demographic factors are as follows: Race/ethnicity=White; Education=<High School; Health insurance=Private; BMI at visit 1=<25 kg/m2; Smoking in pregnancy=No; Alcohol use in pregnancy=No.