Table 5.

Statistically significant (p<0.05) positive (+) or inverse (−) associations between inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress biomarkers and demographic factors relative to reference group within the present study population (n=200)^a

		Inflammation					Angiogenesis		Oxidative stress
Characteristic		CRP	IL-1β	IL-6	IL-10	TNF-α	sFlt-1	PlGF	8-OHdG	8-iso	NY	ClY	DiY
Race/ethnicity	African-American	+				+				+
	Other			+
Education	Technical school
	Junior/some college									−
	College graduate									−
Health insurance	Public			+					+	+
BMI at visit 1	25 to <30 kg/m2
	>30 kg/m2	+								+
Parity	Parous											+
Preterm	Yes			+						+

^aReference groups for demographic factors are as follows: Race/ethnicity=White; Education=<High School; Health insurance=Private; BMI at visit 1=<25 kg/m²; Parity=Nulliparous; Preterm=No.