Table 2.
Sample characteristics (N = 71).
| Exposed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | HE | PFAS | FAS | TOTAL | F or X2 | |||||||
| (n = 19) | (n = 24) | (n = 19) | (n = 9) | (N = 71) | ||||||||
| CHILD | ||||||||||||
| Sex: Male | n(%) | 9 | (47%) | 15 | (63%) | 11 | (58%) | 4 | (44%) | 39 | (55%) | 1.46 |
| Age (yr) at scana | Mean(SD) | 10.6 | (0.5) | 11.0 | (0.7) | 10.5 | (0.4) | 10.4 | (0.9) | 10.7 | (0.7) | 2.84* |
| WISQ-IV IQb | Mean(SD) | 73 | (10.7) | 76 | (11.3) | 64 | (10.2) | 65 | (13.1) | 71 | (12.1) | 5.44** |
| Total intracranial volume (x106 mm3)c | Mean (SD) | 1.3 | (0.1) | 1.4 | (0.2) | 1.3 | (0.1) | 1.2 | (0.1) | 1.3 | (0.1) | 3.24* |
| MATERNAL | ||||||||||||
| Socioeconomic statusd | Mean(SD) | 23.5 | (1.9) | 24.0 | (1.7) | 15.2 | (1.5) | 16.9 | (3.6) | 20.6 | (9.0) | 5.44** |
| Cigarettes/day | Median(IQR) | 0.0 | (5.0) | 5.3 | (7.8) | 7.5 | (7.0) | 9.0 | (5.5) | 5.0 | (10.0) | 1.34 |
| Marijuana (yes) | n(%) | 0 | (0%) | 2 | (8%) | 2 | (11%) | 1 | (11%) | 5 | (7%) | 2.08 |
| Cocaine (yes) | n(%) | 0 | (0%) | 0 | (0%) | 1 | (5%) | 0 | (0%) | 1 | (1%) | 2.78 |
| Lead (ug/dl) | Mean(SD) | 9.2 | (3.5) | 9.3 | (3.3) | 11.5 | (6.5) | 11.7 | (4.3) | 10.2 | (4.6) | 1.47 |
| ALCOHOL AT CONCEPTION | ||||||||||||
| AA/day (oz)e | Median(IQR) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 0.5 | (1.0) | 1.2 | (1.2) | 1.4 | (1.6) | 0.6 | (1.3) | 26.52*** |
| AA/drinking day (oz)f | Mean(SD) | 0.06 | (0.3) | 2.8 | (2.2) | 4.0 | (2.1) | 5.7 | (2.8) | 2.8 | (2.7) | 21.33*** |
| Drinking days/wkg | Mean(SD) | 0.0 | (0.1) | 1.3 | (1.1) | 2.6 | (1.4) | 2.8 | (1.9) | 1.5 | (1.6) | 18.88*** |
| ALCOHOL ACROSS PREGNANCY | ||||||||||||
| AA/day (oz)h | Median(IQR) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 0.2 | (0.7) | 1.0 | (0.6) | 0.8 | (1.8) | 0.3 | (1.0) | 22.73*** |
| AA /drinking day (oz)i | Mean(SD) | 0.06 | (0.3) | 3.4 | (2.4) | 3.8 | (1.7) | 4.9 | (1.8) | 2.8 | (2.5) | 21.83*** |
| Drinking days/wkj | Mean(SD) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 1.0 | (0.8) | 2.0 | (1.0) | 2.1 | (1.8) | 1.1 | (1.2) | 17.90*** |
For skewed data medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were used. HE, heavily exposed non-syndromal; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; PFAS, partial FAS; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fourth Edition.
HE > FAS, PFAS (both p < 0.05).
FAS < HE (p = 0.011); PFAS < HE, Control (both p ≤ 0.01).
FAS < PFAS (p = 0.018), HE (p = 0.003), Control (p = 0.038).
Hollingshead, 2011; FAS < HE, Control (both p ≤ 0.05); PFAS < HE, Control (both p < 0.01).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p < 0.001); HE < FAS, PFAS (both p < 0.001).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p < 0.001); HE < FAS (p < 0.001); PFAS < FAS (p = 0.027).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p ≤ 0.001); HE < FAS, PFAS (both p < 0.01).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p < 0.001); HE < FAS, PFAS (both p ≤ 0.001).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p < 0.001); HE < FAS (p = 0.036).
Control < FAS, PFAS, HE (all p ≤ 0.001); HE < FAS, PFAS (both p < 0.01).
p ≤ 0.05,
p ≤ 0.01,
p ≤ 0.001.