Table 3.

Lessons can be learned from immune checkpoint inhibitors to cancer vaccines

Cancer Vaccine	Major Challenges	Strategies
	Low antigenicity	Targeting neo-antigens: 1. targeting multiple immunogenic neo-antigens; 2. targeting clonal neo-antigens; 3. develop cancer vaccines from immune checkpoint inhibitor responsive tumor tissues. Combine with immune checkpoint inhibitors: 4. culturing tumor cells with IFN-γ containing medium ahead; 5. genetically manipulate tumor cells to secret IFN-γ ahead; 6. delete the expressing of PD-L1 on tumor cell vaccine.
	Heterogeneity