Table 1.
Summary of Natural Products and Their Activity Against HIV
| Natural product | Active compound(s) | Traditional use | Anti-HIV activity | In vivo application | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV suppression | Calophyllum lanigerum | Calanolide A and B | NNRT inhibitor | Safety and pharmacokinetics of calanolide A in HIV− patients.20 | |
| Syzygium claviflorum (trumpet satinash) | Betulinic acid and dihydro betulinic acid | Maturation inhibitor | Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antiviral effects of Bevirimat in HIV+ patients.29 | ||
| Tulsi or Holy Basil | Combination of esters and amides | Indian ayurvedic medicine | RT inhibitor | ||
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Kuwanon-L | RT and IN inhibitor | |||
| Rheum palmatum L | TCM | RT and IN inhibitor | |||
| Justica gendarussa | Patentiflorin A | Vietnamese medicinal plant | RT inhibitor | ||
| Soybean | Bowman-Birk inhibitor | Inhibits inflammatory cytokines, induces restriction factors | |||
| HIV reactivation | Theobroma cacao | Procyanidin C1 | MAPK agonist | ||
| Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (Japanese knotweed) | Procyanidin C-13,3′3″-tri-O-gallate | TCM | P-TEFb and NF-κB | ||
| Bugula neritina | Bryostatin | PKC agonist | Safety and efficacy of bryostatin analogs in humanized mouse model.59 | ||
| Homalanthus nutans (Samoan mamala tree) | Prostratin | PKC agonist | |||
| Euphorbia kansui | Ingenol | TCM | PKC agonist | Safety and efficacy of Ingenol B in macaque CNS model of HIV infection.62 |
IN, integrase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PKC, protein kinase C; P-TEFb, positive transcription elongation factor b; RT, reverse transcriptase; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine.