Table 2. Baseline characteristics of all the patients at enrollment (n = 927).
| all patients | normal-range proteinuria | abnormal-range proteinuria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total | G2 | G3a | G3b | G4–G5 | P value | total | P value (vs normal-range proteinuria) | ||
| n = 927 | n = 352 | n = 36 | n = 89 | n = 129 | n = 98 | n = 575 | |||
| Age, y | 67 ± 14 | 69 ± 13 | 60 ± 15 | 65 ± 13 | 71 ± 10 | 75 ± 11 | <0.001 | 66 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 651 (70.2) | 244 (69.3) | 20 (55.6) | 71 (79.8) | 92 (71.3) | 61 (62.2) | 0.016 | 407 (70.8) | 0.632 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 139 ± 22 | 133 ± 20 | 140 ± 19 | 134 ± 20 | 130 ± 19 | 133 ± 21 | 0.059 | 143 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.8 ± 3.9 | 23.4 ± 3.6 | 22.4 ± 4.0 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 3.9 | 0.4 | 24.0 ± 4.1 | 0.026 |
| Etiology of CKD | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 224 (24.2) | 27 (7.7) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (1.1) | 10 (7.8) | 13 (13.3) | <0.001 | 197 (34.3) | |
| Nephrosclerosis, n (%) | 376 (40.6) | 210 (59.7) | 12 (33.3) | 49 (55.1) | 80 (62.0) | 69 (70.4) | 166 (28.9) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 174 (18.8) | 24 (6.8) | 9 (25.0) | 8 (9.0) | 5 (3.9) | 2 (2.0) | 150 (26.1) | ||
| Other, n (%) | 153 (16.5) | 91 (25.9) | 12 (33.3) | 31 (34.8) | 34 (26.4) | 14 (14.3) | 62 (10.8) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 831 (89.6) | 288 (81.8) | 22 (61.1) | 63 (70.8) | 111 (86.0) | 92 (93.9) | <0.001 | 543 (94.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 341 (36.8) | 94 (26.7) | 5 (13.9) | 13 (14.6) | 35 (27.1) | 41 (41.8) | <0.001 | 247 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| History of CVD, n (%) | 244 (26.3) | 74 (21.0) | 3 (8.3) | 8 (9.0) | 32 (24.8) | 31 (31.6) | <0.001 | 170 (29.6) | 0.004 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 12.7 ± 2.0 | 13.8 ± 1.6 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 33.8 ± 17.8 | 40.3 ± 15.6 | 69.9 ± 7.8 | 51.5 ± 4.1 | 38.2 ± 4.6 | 22.0 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 29.8 ± 18.0 | <0.001 |
| UPCR, g/gCr | 0.64 [0.64–2.55] | 0.08 [0.03–0.18] | 0.07 [0.04–0.15] | 0.06 [0.03–0.14] | 0.08 [0.03–0.18] | 0.12 [0.04–0.27] | 0.022 | 1.72 [0.74–4.20] | <0.001 |
| Urinary occult blood, n (%) | 292 (31.5) | 57 (16.2) | 11 (30.6) | 16 (18.0) | 20 (15.5) | 10 (10.2) | 0.04 | 235 (40.9) | <0.001 |
| Use of RAAS inhibitor, n (%) | 601 (64.8) | 206 (58.5) | 7 (19.4) | 38 (42.7) | 86 (66.7) | 75 (76.5) | <0.001 | 395 (68.7) | 0.002 |
| Use of calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 440 (47.5) | 119 (33.8) | 1 (2.8) | 29 (32.6) | 49 (38.0) | 40 (40.8) | <0.001 | 321 (55.8) | <0.001 |
| Use of diuretics, n (%) | 295 (31.8) | 87 (24.7) | 0 (0) | 12 (13.5) | 31 (24.0) | 44 (44.9) | <0.001 | 208 (36.2) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median with interquartile ranges. Categorical data are presented as numbers and percentages.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UPCR, urinary protein/creatinine ratio; g/gCr, gram per gram creatinine; RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system.