Table 3. Association between air pollution and diabetes mellitus by different exposure metrics and sensitivity analysis.
| Sensitivity analysis | PM10 OR (95% CI) |
PM2.5 OR (95% CI) |
NO2 OR (95% CI) |
O3 OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted logistic regression (mean values; 10 μg/m3 increase) | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.89 (0.88–0.91) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) |
| Main mixed model (mean values; 10 μg/m3 increase) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
| median values (10 μg/m3 increase) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) |
| 90th percentile values (10 μg/m3 increase) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) |
| IQR increase* | 1.04 (1.02–1.08) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) |
| main model + diabetes prevalence | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) |
| below WHO limits** | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 2.56 (1.79–3.66) | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 1.33 (1.15–1.54) |
| two pollutants models | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | / |
| O3 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | / |
* PM10: 8.9 μg/m3; PM2.5: 9.2 μg/m3; NO2: 14.7 μg/m3; O3: 6.8 μg/m3.
** According to WHO Air Quality Guidelines (2006) recommended annual average levels. PM10: 20 μg/m3; PM2.5: 10 μg/m3; NO2: 40 μg/m3; O3: 100 μg/m3.