Table 3.

Setting, geographical location and characteristics of participants of included studies

Study	Geographical location and setting	Sample	Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Behm, et al., 201540Gustafsson, et al., 201247	Two urban districts in Gothenburg, Sweden Community	N = 459 (64% female)Median age: 85–86 yearsRange of age: 80–97 years	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 80 years or more, living in their ordinary housing, not dependent on the home help service or care arranged by the urban districts, independent in ADLs and cognitively intact (MMSE score ≥25)Exclusion: no exclusion criteria were provided
Bonnefoy, et al., 201222	France Community	N = 102 (86% female)Median age: 84 yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 80 years or more*, able to walk without assistance at home, received assistance from a housing association for not more than two hours per week, being at risk of becoming frailExclusion: a cardiovascular event within last 3 months, history of bone fractures, hospitalization, uncontrolled hypertension, dementia or a rapidly evolving disease
Cadore et al., 201441	Pamplona, SpainElderly care institutions	N = 24 (70% female)Mean age: 91.9 (± 4.1) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: institutionalized older adults aged 85 years or more, that met Fried's criteria for frailtyExclusion: absence of frailty or pre-frailty, dementia, disability (defined as a Barthel Index < 60 and inability to walk independently without help of another person), recent cardiac arrest, unstable coronary syndrome, active cardiac failure, cardiac block, or any unstable medical condition
Chan et al., 201242	Toufen, Taiwan Community hospital	N = 117 (59% female)Mean age: 71.4 (± 3.7) yearsRange of age: 65–79	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 65 years or more and with frailty (CCSHA-CFS-TV score > 2 and <7)Exclusion: institutionalization; communication barriers; hearing/visual impairments affecting daily activity; cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≤ 16); functional impairment (Barthel Index ≤ 35); active alcohol-abuse problems, organic mental disorders; history of schizophrenia or a diagnosis of a bipolar disorder; any mental problems (other than depression) under psychiatric care; active suicidal ideation; absence of Fried's criteria for frailty
Clegg, et al., 201443	Bradford, United Kingdom Community	N = 84 (71% female)Mean age: 79 (± 9.2) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: older adults living at home and under the care of a case manager or community matron; housebound; attending a day center or respite care; residing in assisted living sites; being at discharge from intermediate care hospitalsExclusion: being unable to stand and walk independently; currently participating in an alternative exercise program; being registered blind; having poorly controlled angina; having another household member already in the trial; having severe dementia or receiving palliative care
Cohen, et al., 200244	age:United States of AmericaVeterans Affairs Medical Centers	N = 1338 (2% female)Mean age: 74.2 years (SD not provided)Range of age: not provided	Inclusion: older adults aged 65 years or more, hospitalized on a medical or surgical ward, with an expected length of stay of at least two days, considered as being frail and with stable clinical conditionExclusion: conditions of admission from nursing home, receiving care at an outpatient clinic for GEM, previous hospitalization in an inpatient unit for GEM, current enrollment in another clinical trial, severe disabling disease or terminal condition or severe dementia, not English language speaking, lack of access to a telephone (for follow-up), or being unwilling or unable to return for follow-up clinic visits
Eklund, et al., 201329	Mölndal, SwedenSahlgrenska University Hospital and community	N = 161 (55% female)Mean age: not providedRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: older adults who sought care at the emergency department and who were discharged to their own homes, aged 80 years and older or 65 to 79 years, with at least one chronic disease and dependent in at least one ADLExclusion: acute severe illness with immediate need of assessment and treatment by a physician (within ten minutes), dementia (or severe cognitive impairment, clinically assessed by the nurse with geriatric competence at the emergency department), and palliative care
Fairhall, et al., 201532	Australia Community	N = 241 (68% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 83.2 (± 5.91) to 83.4 (± 5.81) yearsRange of age: 71–101 years	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 70 years or more, meeting the CHS criteria for frailty, with a life expectancy exceeding 12 months (estimated by Implicit Illness Severity Scale score of 3 or less)Exclusion: residing in a residential aged care facility, having severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≤ 18)
Favela, et al., 201345	Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Community	N = 133 (55% female)Average: 75–76 yearsRange of age: 70–90 years	Inclusion: older adults aged 60 years or more with frailty as indicated by Frailty Index scoreExclusion: no exclusion criteria were provided
Giné-Garriga, et al., 201046	Barcelona area, Spain Community	N = 51 (61% female)Mean age: 84 (± 2.9) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: older adults aged 80–90 years that meet criteria for frailtyExclusion: conditions of being unable to walk, undergoing an exercise program, a diagnosis of severe dementia (not able to understand or follow verbal commands), or having a stroke, hip fracture, myocardial infarction or hip- or knee- replacement surgery within the previous 6 months
Hars et al., 201448	Geneva, Switzerland Community	N = 52 (98% female)Mean age: 74.6 (± 7.8 years)Range of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 65 years or more, at increased risk of falling (indicated by self-reported falls, balance assessment and frailty phenotype)Exclusion: past experience of Jaques-Dalcroze eurhythmics, except during childhood; self-report of major orthopedic surgery or limb fracture less than 4 months prior to enrollment into the extension study
Kim, et al., 201549	Itabashi ward of Tokyo, JapanTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology	N = 131 (100% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 80.3 (± 3.3) to 81.1 (± 2.8) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling women aged over 75 years, meeting criteria for frailty according to Fried definitionExclusion: severe knee or back pain; severely impaired mobility; impaired cognition (MMSE score < 24); missing baseline data; and unstable cardiac conditions such as ventricular dysrhythmias, pulmonary edema, or other musculoskeletal conditions
Kim & Lee, 201323	Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea Community	N = 87 (79% female)Mean age calculated separately for each group varied from 78.4 (±6.0) to 78.9 (±5.5) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: older adults aged 65 years or more, frail, able to walk inside a room and with low socioeconomic statusExclusion: conditions of participation in any exercise program or clinical nutrition program, being ordered to restrict a high protein diet, and being unable to walk or functionally deteriorated
Li, et al., 201050	Taipei, Taiwan Community Hospital	N = 310 (48% female)Mean age: 78.8 (± 8.4) yearsRange of age: 65–106 years	Inclusion: older adults aged 65 or more, categorized as frail or pre-frail according to Fried Frailty CriteriaExclusion: conditions such as being bedridden, receiving home care by visiting nurses, less than 6 months’ life expectancy (such as terminal cancer patients), and difficulty in verbal communication (such as severe cognitive or hearing impairments)
Monteserin et al., 201051	Barcelona, SpainPrimary Health Care Center	N = 620 (60% female)Mean age: 79.9 years (SD not provided)Range of age: 75–94	Inclusion: older adults aged 75 years or moreExclusion: concurrent inclusion in another study, diagnosis of a terminal disease, institutionalization, severe cognitive impairment, difficulties in accessing the primary health care center and inability or unwillingness to give informed consent
Muller et al., 200652	Rotterdam area, the Netherlands Community	N = 100 (0% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 78.2 (± 3.0) to 78.8 (± 3.5)Range of age: not provided	Inclusion: no hospitalized, no diseased, independently living men aged 70 years or more, with low scores on strength tests (isometric grip strength < 30 kg, leg extensor power < 100 Nm)Exclusion: severe arthropathic deformation of the knee joint; myocardial infarction within the last 6 months; history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks; high systolic/diastolic blood pressure; any active malignant disease with significant impact on the physical condition; history of prostatic cancer; diabetes mellitus treated with insulin; abnormal liver function with clinical significance; history of alcohol or drug abuse within the last 2 years; and/or participation in another clinical study
Ng, et al., 201553	Southwest region of Singapore Community	N = 246 (61% female)Mean age: 70 (± 4.7) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 65 years or more, meeting CHS criteria for frailty or pre-frailty, able to ambulate without personal assistance, and living at homeExclusion: significant cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≤ 23); major depression; severe audiovisual impairment; any progressive, degenerative neurologic disease; terminal illness with life expectancy <12 months; participation in other interventional studies; or being unavailable to participate for the full duration of the study
Van Hout et al., 201054	The Netherlands Community	N = 651 (71% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 81.3 (± 3.9) to 81.5 (± 4.3) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 75 years or more, lived at home and frail (based on COOP-WONCA charts)Exclusion: terminal illness (as determined by primary care physicians); dementia (self-report of memory deterioration, MMSE < 24 or 7-min screen > 50%); living in residential homes; participating in other research projects
Vriendt et al., 201621	East-Flanders, a province in Flanders region, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium Community	N = 168 (80% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 79.9 (± 6.3) to 80.9 (± 7.3) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 65 years or more, single, receiving healthcare support, Dutch speaking and having one or more functional problems in basic ADL, operationalized by the BEL-profile scaleExclusion: incontinence as the sole basic ADL problem, suffering dementia (based on the diagnosis of a physician) and already receiving community based occupational therapy prior to this study
Wolf et al., 200355	Atlanta, United States of America Community	N = 200 (81% female)Mean age: calculated separately for each group varied from 75.4 (± 4.1) to 76.9 (± 4.8) yearsRange of age: not provided	Inclusion: community dwelling older adults aged 70 years or more, living in unsupervised environments and being ambulatoryExclusion: the presence of debilitating conditions such as severe cognitive impairments, metastatic cancer, crippling arthritis, Parkinson's disease or major stroke, or profound visual deficits that could compromise balance or ambulation

^*One participant was 78 years old.

ADL, activities of daily living; CCSHA-CFS-TV, Chinese Canadian Study of Health and Ageing – Clinical Frailty Scale (telephone version); CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; GEM, geriatric evaluation and manage:ment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.