Table 1.

Demographics of Heart Failure and Control Subjects

Characteristics	HFpEF (48)	HFrEF (56)	Controls (24)
Age, y	63±12^*	59±12	55±18
Male (number, %)	20 (40)^*	45 (81)^†^‡	15 (62)
Race (White, %)	46 (96)	50 (88)	23 (96)
BMI, kg/m²	33.7±7.6^*	27.8±6^‡	27.6±3.0
Comorbidities %
Hypertension	29 (60)^*	34 (61)^†	9 (37)
Diabetes mellitus	14 (25)^*	12 (21)^†	0
Hyperlipidemia	25 (52)^*	32 (57)^†	6 (25)
Atrial fibrillation	12 (26)^*	11 (19)^†	0
Heart failure pharmacotherapy %
Diuretics	30 (63)^*	48 (86)^†^‡	1 (4)
ACE inhibitor or ARB	14 (29)	45 (80)^†^‡	7 (29)
β-adrenergic receptor blocker	25 (52)^*	51 (91)^†^‡	4 (17)
Aldosterone antagonist	4 (8)	30 (54)^†^‡	0
Digoxin	6 (12)^*	28 (50)^†^‡	0
LVEF %	62±7^*	29±6^†^‡	67±6
Resting Supine PCWP, mm Hg	20±2.7^*	22±8.9^†	10±3.9
Hemoglobin, gm/dL	13.2±1.4	12.9±2.2	13.2±1.5
Peak VO₂, mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹	13.9±3.5^*	12.1±3.7^†^‡	27.0±8.3
Max watts achieved	82±32^*	75±37^†	166±57
Peak exercise RER	1.15±0.07	1.16±0.14	1.15±0.05
Peak exercise lactate, mM	5.3±2.7^*	4.8±1.5^†	7.6±1.5

ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; and RER, respiratory exchange ratio.

P<0.05 between HFpEF and controls.

^†

P<0.05 between HFrEF and controls.

^‡

P<0.05 between HFpEF and HFrEF.