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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Occup Environ Med. 2017 Aug 3;75(2):79–89. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104431

Table 3.

Multivariatea regression models examining association between intensity-weighted days of specific herbicides and subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH>4.5 mIU/L) and natural log of TSH, T4, and T3

Intensity–weighted days Subclinical Hypothyroidism TSH and Thyroid Hormones
TSH T4 T3
Nb OR (95% CI) Nc Expβ (95% CI) Expβ (95% CI) Expβ (95% CI)
Dinitroaniline
 Pendimethalind 0 68 1.00 (ref) 412 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
28–208 10 1.77 (0.81, 3.87) 36 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) 1.01 (0.92, 1.11)
>208–375 6 0.96 (0.38, 2.45) 35 0.89 (0.72, 1.11) 1.02 (0.94, 1.12) 1.02 (0.93, 1.12)
>375–1920 5 0.78 (0.29, 2.09) 36 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) 1.03 (0.94, 1.12)
>1920–14105 12 2.78 (1.30, 5.95)† 35 1.25 (1.01, 1.55)† 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) 0.96 (0.87, 1.05)
Ptrend 0.02† 0.04† 0.81 0.46
 Trifluralin 0 55 1.00 (ref) 308 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–632 15 0.94 (0.47, 1.87) 87 0.99 (0.84, 1.15) 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) 0.99 (0.93, 1.06)
>632–1411 13 0.74 (0.35, 1.53) 87 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) 1.01 (0.94, 1.08)
>1411–3906 23 1.42 (0.74, 2.74) 87 1.05 (0.90, 1.24) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) 0.98 (0.91, 1.05)
>3906–113400 18 1.09 (0.55, 2.17) 87 1.14 (0.97, 1.34) 1.05 (0.99, 1.13) 1.04 (0.97, 1.11)
Ptrend 0.65 0.05 0.14 0.28
Thiocarbamate
 Butylated 0 66 1.00 (ref) 390 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
43–319 7 1.19 (0.45, 3.16) 40 0.94 (0.75, 1.16) 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) 0.98 (0.89, 1.08)
>319–882 8 1.30 (0.50, 3.40) 39 1.10 (0.88, 1.38) 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) 1.00 (0.91, 1.10)
>882–2184 9 1.23 (0.50, 3.02) 39 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) 0.99 (0.90, 1.09)
>2184–22925 12 1.78 (0.74, 4.28) 42 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) 0.97 (0.88, 1.07)
Ptrend 0.21 0.24 0.72 0.53
 EPTC 0 87 1.00 (ref) 510 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
33–225 8 1.65 (0.71, 3.81) 34 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) 1.02 (0.93, 1.12)
>225–588 6 1.12 (0.44, 2.82) 32 0.93 (0.75, 1.16) 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) 1.00 (0.91, 1.1)
>588–1792 10 2.10 (0.96, 4.58) 34 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)† 0.88 (0.80, 0.96)†
>1792–16461 9 2.05 (0.91, 4.63) 33 1.24 (1.00, 1.54)† 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) 1.03 (0.94, 1.13)
Ptrend 0.05 0.04† 0.97 0.93
Phenoxy
 2,4-D 0 25 1.00 (ref) 118 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
68–878 22 0.75 (0.39, 1.44) 136 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
>878–2604 26 0.81 (0.43, 1.55) 138 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) 0.99 (0.93, 1.06)
>2604–7229 24 0.70 (0.36, 1.36) 134 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) 0.97 (0.91, 1.04)
>7229–192780 29 0.80 (0.40, 1.58) 138 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) 0.95 (0.88, 1.02)
Ptrend 0.85 0.14 0.64 0.14
 2,4,5 Td 0 88 1.00 (ref) 518 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–263 7 2.58 (0.94, 7.06) 21 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) 1.04 (0.93, 1.17)
>263–458 5 1.23 (0.41, 3.70) 22 0.99 (0.74, 1.31) 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) 0.98 (0.87, 1.10)
>458–1392 6 1.72 (0.63, 4.65) 22 1.28 (0.98, 1.68) 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) 1.00 (0.89, 1.12)
>1392–29869 7 2.10 (0.78, 5.71) 21 1.03 (0.78, 1.37) 0.88 (0.78, 0.98)† 0.90 (0.80, 1.02)
Ptrend 0.16 0.68 0.03† 0.09
Triazine
 Atrazine 0 19 1.00 (ref) 101 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–980 23 0.76 (0.35, 1.63) 142 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) 1.06 (0.99, 1.14)
>980–2604 20 0.55 (0.25, 1.23) 144 0.79 (0.66, 0.94)† 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) 1.01 (0.94, 1.09)
>2604–6962 33 1.12 (0.50, 2.48) 140 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) 0.98 (0.91, 1.06)
>6962–113400 32 1.16 (0.49, 2.78) 145 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) 1.00 (0.92, 1.09)
Ptrend 0.28 0.97 0.45 0.50
 Cyanazine 0 48 1.00 (ref) 294 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–455 16 0.89 (0.44, 1.80) 90 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) 0.97 (0.91, 1.04)
>455–1313 8 0.43 (0.18, 1.01) 89 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 1.04 (0.98, 1.11)
>1313–3689 28 2.53 (1.34, 4.78)† 90 1.19 (1.02, 1.39)† 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) 1.00 (0.94, 1.07)
>3689–113400 20 1.26 (0.61, 2.61) 89 1.13 (0.95, 1.34) 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) 1.04 (0.97, 1.12)
Ptrend 0.25 0.11 0.23 0.30
 Metribuzind 0 61 1.00 (ref) 353 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
33–221 5 0.48 (0.17, 1.35) 48 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) 1.06 (0.97, 1.15)
>221–385 9 0.94 (0.39, 2.30) 50 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) 0.93 (0.85, 1.02)
>385–1000 12 1.56 (0.67, 3.67) 43 1.25 (1.01, 1.55)† 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) 1.01 (0.92, 1.11)
>1000–14850 9 0.73 (0.27, 1.95) 49 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) 0.98 (0.88, 1.08)
Ptrend 0.75 0.62 0.28 0.64
Chloroacetanilide
 Alachlor 0 36 1.00 (ref) 218 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–502 29 2.34 (1.25, 4.37)† 107 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
>502–1358 12 0.69 (0.33, 1.44) 106 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04)
>1358–4463 21 0.98 (0.50, 1.92) 107 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
>4463–68162 21 0.99 (0.48, 2.01) 106 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) 0.99 (0.93, 1.07)
Ptrend 0.66 0.98 0.28 0.95
 Metolachlor 0 54 1.00 (ref) 317 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–455 19 1.47 (0.79, 2.71) 84 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
>455–1240 16 1.23 (0.64, 2.37) 81 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
>1240–4232 10 0.65 (0.30, 1.39) 83 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
>4232–68162 21 1.44 (0.72, 2.88) 83 1.18 (0.99, 1.40) 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) 0.98 (0.91, 1.05)
Ptrend 0.41 0.07 0.43 0.74
Other Herbicides
 Chlorimuron-ethyld 0 74 1.00 (ref) 435 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
30–118 6 1.13 (0.44, 2.89) 32 0.88 (0.70, 1.10) 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) 0.96 (0.87, 1.06)
>118–315 8 1.62 (0.69, 3.84) 30 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) 1.03 (0.93, 1.13)
>315–588 7 1.35 (0.56, 3.26) 33 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) 0.99 (0.90, 1.09)
>588–7560 7 1.45 (0.60, 3.50) 32 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) 0.99 (0.90, 1.09)
Ptrend 0.3 0.66 0.35 0.81
 Dicamba 0 42 1.00 (ref) 220 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
36–350 20 0.93 (0.50, 1.73) 109 0.86 (0.75, 1.00)† 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.95 (0.90, 1.02)
>350–1046 15 0.68 (0.35, 1.33) 103 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) 0.99 (0.92, 1.05)
>1046–2699 19 0.91 (0.48, 1.72) 106 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 1.01 (0.95, 1.08)
>2699–107823 21 1.06 (0.57, 1.98) 106 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
Ptrend 0.62 0.59 0.86 0.59
 Glyphosate 0 32 1.00 (ref) 179 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
20–315 25 1.28 (0.71, 2.32) 116 1.02 (0.88, 1.17) 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04)
>315–907 24 1.07 (0.60, 1.93) 130 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 1.01 (0.95, 1.07)
>907–2622 21 0.95 (0.51, 1.77) 123 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) 0.99 (0.93, 1.05)
>2622–113400 25 1.21 (0.66, 2.24) 123 1.14 (0.99, 1.33) 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
Ptrend 0.70 0.05 0.68 0.41
 Imazethapyr 0 62 360
33–263 12 1.08 (0.53, 2.17) 70 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) 0.97 (0.91, 1.04)
>263–600 14 1.22 (0.63, 2.37) 73 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) 0.95 (0.89, 1.02)
>600–1176 14 1.20 (0.61, 2.33) 73 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) 0.94 (0.88, 1.00)† 0.96 (0.90, 1.03)
>1176–22500 16 1.54 (0.81, 2.95) 71 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) 0.98 (0.92, 1.05)
Ptrend 0.19 0.09 0.24 0.56
 Petroleum distillatesd 0 74 1.00 (ref) 413 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
25–372 6 1.27 (0.49, 3.30) 27 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) 0.99 (0.90, 1.10)
>372–1110 3 0.56 (0.16, 1.92) 27 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) 1.00 (0.90, 1.11)
>1110–3973 7 1.54 (0.62, 3.84) 27 1.07 (0.84, 1.36) 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) 1.03 (0.93, 1.14)
>3973–253333 5 0.97 (0.35, 2.69) 27 1.22 (0.96, 1.56) 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) †
Ptrend 0.95 0.09 0.93 0.045†

TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; T4: thyroxine; T3: triiodothyronine

a

Adjusted for age, state, body mass index, smoking, correlated pesticides

b

Exposed cases

c

Total exposed

d

Detailed information for these chemicals was collected on the take-home questionnaire at enrollment

†

p<0.05 compared with never users