. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017 Sep 4;32(1):90–99. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12403

Table 3.

Odds ratios for the association between tertile^a of fruit and vegetable consumption and odds of limb deficiency among offspring, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2009.

Model		Selected Limb Deficiencies (n: TLD=566, LLD=339)	Non-isolated only (n: TLD=89, LLD=153)	Isolated only (n: TLD=477, LLD=186)
Model		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Unadjusted models
TLD	High	0.8 (0.7, 1.0)	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
	Mid	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.8 (0.5, 1.4)	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
	Low	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
LLD	High	0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.8 (0.6, 1.2)	0.9 (0.6, 1.3)
	Mid	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)	0.9 (0.6, 1.3)	1.3 (0.9, 1.8)
	Low	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Adjusted models^b
TLD	High	0.7 (0.6, 0.9)	0.6 (0.3, 1.1)	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
	Mid	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.7 (0.4, 1.2)	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
	Low	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
LLD	High	0.8 (0.6, 1.2)	0.9 (0.5, 1.4)	0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
	Mid	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)	0.9 (0.6, 1.4)	1.2 (0.9, 1.8)
	Low	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)

Tertiles based off fruit and vegetable consumption among controls; see Table 1 for more details.

Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol and caloric intake.