. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017 Sep 4;32(1):90–99. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12403

Table 4.

Odds ratios for the association between cumulative antioxidant scores^a of 10 and 5 compared to 1 and odd of limb deficiency among offspring, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2009.

Model		Selected Limb Deficiencies (n: TLD=566, LLD=339)	Non-isolated (n: TLD=89, LLD=153)	Isolated only (n: TLD=477, LLD=186)
Model		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Unadjusted models
TLD	10	0.7 (0.5, 0.9)	1.2 (0.6, 2.5)	0.6 (0.5, 0.9)
	5	0.9 (0.8, 1.0)	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
	1	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
LLD	10	0.7 (0.5, 1.0)	0.6 (0.3, 1.0)	0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
	5	0.9 (0.7, 1.0)	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
	1	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Adjusted models^b
TLD	10	0.7 (0.5, 0.9)	0.9 (0.4, 2.0)	0.6 (0.4, 0.9)
	5	0.8 (0.7, 1.0)	0.9 (0.6, 1.4)	0.8 (0.7, 1.0)
	1	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
LLD	10	0.7 (0.5, 1.1)	0.6 (0.3, 1.1)	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)
	5	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
	1	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)

Higher scores indicate greater consumption of antioxidants

Adusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption and caloric intake.