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. 2018 Jan 17;8:886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19338-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Change in lines from uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better-seeing eye. Stacked bars show the distribution of eyes with lack of visual impairment (20/20; 20/25 and 20/32 visual acuities); eyes with refractive error only as the principal cause of visual impairment (includes only eyes improving to ≥20/32 with subjective refraction) and eyes with other causes as principal cause of visual impairment.