Table 3. Hierarchical Age–Period–Cohort Cross-Classified Model Results of Factors Associated With Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment, National Health Interview Survey,1997–2015.
| Variable | B (Standard Error) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||
| Intercept | −2.15 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Age (centered) | 0.04 (0) | <.001 |
| Age2 | 0 (0) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Reference | |
| Female | −0.07 (0) | <.001 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married or living with partner | Reference | |
| Married or living with partner | −0.33 (0) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.37 (0) | <.001 |
| Native American | 0.87 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.25 (0) | <.001 |
| Asian | 0.31 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Education | ||
| <Some college or more | Reference | |
| Some college or more | −0.20 (0) | <.001 |
| Ratio of family income to federal poverty level | ||
| <150% | Reference | |
| 150%–249% | −0.33 (0) | <.001 |
| 250%–499% | −0.43 (0) | <.001 |
| ≥500% | −0.83 (0) | <.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | Reference | |
| Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9) | −0.65 (0) | <.001 |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | −0.93 (0) | <.001 |
| Obese (≥30.0) | −0.74 (0) | <.001 |
| Chronic diseasea | ||
| Heart attack | 0.16 (0) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.47 (0) | <.001 |
| High blood pressure | 0.09 (0) | <.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.32 (0) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 1.44 (0) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity × college or more | ||
| Non-Hispanic white × college or more | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic black × college or more | −0.06 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Native American × college or more | −0.20 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Hispanic × college or more | −0.01 (0.01) | .13 |
| Asian × college or more | −0.27 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Random effects | ||
| Survey period | 0.01 (0) | .001 |
| 1997 | −0.10 (0.03) | .001 |
| 1998 | −0.17 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 1999 | −0.26 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2000 | −0.14 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2001 | 0.03 (0.03) | .35 |
| 2002 | 0.03 (0.03) | .32 |
| 2003 | 0.05 (0.03) | .04 |
| 2004 | −0.03 (0.03) | .21 |
| 2005 | 0.12 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2006 | −0.01 (0.03) | .58 |
| 2007 | 0.15 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2008 | −0.18 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2009 | 0.04 (0.03) | .12 |
| 2010 | 0.07 (0.03) | .02 |
| 2011 | 0.13 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2012 | 0.05 (0.03) | .08 |
| 2013 | 0.09 (0.03) | .001 |
| 2014 | 0.13 (0.03) | <.001 |
| 2015 | 0.00 (0.03) | .98 |
| Cohort | 0.01 (0.01) | .02 |
| 1912–1917 | 0.01 (0.04) | .78 |
| 1918–1922 | −0.15 (0.04) | <.001 |
| 1923–1927 | −0.06 (0.04) | .14 |
| 1928–1932 | −0.07 (0.04) | .06 |
| 1933–1937 | 0.00 (0.04) | .93 |
| 1938–1942 | −0.07 (0.04) | .07 |
| 1943–1947 | −0.03 (0.04) | .45 |
| 1948–1952 | 0.19 (0.04) | <.001 |
| 1953–1957 | 0.18 (0.04) | <.001 |
a
Reference group for each category is absence of the disease.