Table 3.

Lifestyle factors of ONTIME population.

	Morning Chronotype (Mean ± SEM) n = 1,110	Evening Chronotype (Mean ± SEM) n = 1,016	P-value	P-trend
Dietary intake
Total energy (kcal/day)	1972.81 ± 23.83	1918.55 ± 24.68	0.121	0.935
Proteins (g)	83.01 ± 1.11	82.34 ± 1.15	0.677	0.935
Carbohydrates (g)	204.59 ± 3.07	193.78 ± 3.18	0.017	0.667
Fats (g)	93.79 ± 1.50	93.03 ± 1.54	0.729	0.487
Food timing
Breakfast time (h)	8.34 ± 0.03	8.65 ± 0.035	<0.001	<0.001
Lunch time (h)	14.55 ± 0.02	14.59 ± 0.02	0.184	0.002
Dinner time (h)	21.08 ± 0.06	21.39 ± 0.67	0.001	0.007
Midpoint of intake (h)	14.80 ± 0.02	15.06 ± 0.02	<0.001	<0.001
Eating behavior
Total Score	0.01 ± 0.25	1.93 ± 0.26	<0.001	<0.001
Emotional eating
Total Score	11.85 ± 0.19	12.40 ± 0.19	0.046	<0.001
Physical activity
IPAQ score	4282.60 ± 217.01	3229.77 ± 224.86	0.001	<0.001
Sitting duration (hours/day)	7.58 ± 0.11	8.15 ± 0.12	<0.001	0.002
Sleep characteristics
Wake time, hours	7.25 ± 0.03	7.56 ± 0.03	<0.001	<0.001
Bed time, hours	23.73 ± 0.03	24.05 ± 0.04	<0.001	<0.001
Sleep duration, hours	7.53 ± 0.04	7.52 ± 0.04	0.835	0.424
Smoking
Current smokers (%)	18	21	0.107**
Number of cigarettes per day	10 ± 1	13 ± 1	0.003	0.024

Chronotype was dichotomized into “more morning” (Morning type) and “more evening” (Evening type) based on the median ME score of the total population (<53, more evening; ≥53, more morning).

Abbreviation: IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Adjusted by sex, age, clinic site and number study.

*Values were logarithmically transformed.

**P-value was calculated using chi-square test.

P-value refers to association between morning and evening chronotype and exposures of interest. P-trend refers to the continuous association between the ME score and exposures of interest.