Fig. 1.

Genome-wide association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D graphed by chromosome positions and −log10 P-value (Manhattan plot), and quantile-quantile plot of all SNPs from the meta-analysis (QQ-plot). a Manhattan plot: The P-values were obtained from the single stage fixed-effects inverse variance weighted meta-analysis. The Y axis shows −log₁₀ P-values, and the X axis shows chromosome positions. Horizontal gray dash line represents the thresholds of P = 5×10⁻⁸ for genome-wide significance. Known loci were colored coded as red, and novel loci were color coded as green. b QQ-plot: The Y axis shows observed −log₁₀ P-values, and the X axis shows the expected −log₁₀ P-values. Each SNP is plotted as a black dot, and the dash line indicates null hypothesis of no true association. Deviation from the expected P-value distribution is evident only in the tail area, with a lambda of 0.99, suggesting that population stratification was adequately controlled