Table 2.
A Childhood History of Severe Conduct Problems Predicts Poor Cumulative Functioning at Age 18 Years
| Predictor | Bivariate Model |
Multivariate Modelb |
|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Panel A. Does a childhood history of conduct problems predict cumulative poor functioninga at age 18 years? | ||
| Childhood conduct problems | 1.96 (1.75, 2.18) | — |
| Panel B. Is the effect accounted for by young-adult psychopathology? | ||
| Childhood conduct problems | 1.96 (1.75, 2.18) | 1.61 (1.45, 1.79) |
| Young-adult psychopathology | 2.22 (2.03, 2.43) | 2.06 (1.89, 2.25) |
| Panel C. Is the effect accounted for by well-established risk factors? | ||
| Childhood conduct problems | 1.94 (1.74, 2.16) | 1.40 (1.26, 1.56) |
| Young-adult psychopathology | 2.22 (2.03, 2.43) | 1.94 (1.78, 2.12) |
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | 1.41 (1.32, 1.50) | 1.23 (1.16, 1.31) |
| Exposure to violence | 1.50 (1.35, 1.66) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.24) |
| Parental antisocial behavior | 1.27 (1.21, 1.33) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) |
| Maternal depression | 1.31 (1.17, 1.46) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) |
| Predictor | Fixed-Effects Bivariate Models |
Fixed-Effects Multivariate Models |
|---|---|---|
| IRR (95%CI) | IRR (95%CI) | |
| Panel D. Is the effect accounted for by unmeasured familial risk factors? | ||
| Childhood conduct problems | 1.34 (1.13, 1.59) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.54) |
| Young-adult psychopathology | 1.48 (1.33, 1.66) | 1.47 (1.32,1.64) |
Note: The number of participants within each panel is restricted to participants with nonmissing data on all variables included in the multivariate model within a panel. IRR = incidence-rate ratio.
a
The cumulative poor functioning measure is the sum of all poor functional outcomes.
b
Results are adjusted for all other predictors within a panel and for participants’ sex.