. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 18.

Published in final edited form as: Res Aging. 2012 Jul;34(4):399–424. doi: 10.1177/0164027511436321

Table 1.

Random Effects Models Predicting Change in Intergenerational Supports by Parents’ Gender (N=2045)

Independent Variables	Financial Support		Instrumental Support		Emotional Support

	Father	Mother	Father	Mother	Father	Mother
Level of Support at Time 1	0.229^***	0.224^***	0.848^***	0.915^***	0.346^***	0.322^***
Children Status
Out-migration of sons: (None) One or more	1.434^*	1.421^*	0.706⁺	0.941	1.000	1.204
Out-migration of daughters: (None) One or more	1.918^**	1.604^*	1.009	0.866	2.161^**	1.273
Return of sons: (None) One or more	1.074	1.220	0.672	0.970	0.808	1.218
Return of daughters: (None) One or more	1.274	0.910	1.128	0.879	1.607⁺	1.595^*
Grandchild-care provided at Time 1	1.012	1.000	1.042	1.033	1.048^*	1.070^**
Change of Grandchild-care provided: (No increase) Increase	1.042	1.832^**	1.065	0.795	1.776^**	1.459⁺
Living arrangement: Continuing to live apart from children
Not living with children → Living with children	0.992	0.992	2.477^*	3.942^***	0.877	1.092
Not living with children → Living with grandchildren	2.914^*	1.767	0.552	0.985	1.174	0.740
Living with children → Not living with children	1.105	2.714⁺	0.417	0.528	1.539	1.280
Continuing to live with children	0.800	1.810^*	2.143^*	2.393^**	1.200	1.707⁺
Living with children → Living with grandchildren	1.732	1.695	1.017	0.797	0.955	1.587
Living with grandchildren → Not living with children	0.744	1.557	0.597	0.813	0.699	0.883
Living with grandchildren → Living with children	0.471^*	1.823⁺	2.815^*	1.422	1.094	1.145
Continuing to live with grandchildren	1.208	3.191^***	0.789	0.983	1.081	0.914
Control variables
Age	1.057^***	1.046^***	0.987^*	0.987^**	1.086^***	1.095^***
Marital status: (Unmarried) Married	0.993	1.509^*	0.689	0.552^*	1.463	2.224^***
Education: (Illiterate) Literate	1.034	1.015	0.917	0.817	1.218	1.167
Occupation: (Agricultural work) Non-agricultural work	0.956	1.356	1.155	1.211	1.226	1.171
Income at Time 1	0.920	0.967	0.702^***	0.888	1.066	1.232^**
Change of income: (No decrease) Decrease	1.252	1.217	1.533⁺	1.203	1.456^*	0.969
Functional status at Time 1	0.910	0.985	1.088	1.131^**	0.940	0.985
Change of functional status: (No decline) Decline	0.882	0.892	1.898^**	2.417^***	0.532^**	0.410^***
-2LL	553.324	672.261	357.661	605.824	479.168	574.742
N	924	1121	924	1121	924	1121

All static control variables are measured at Time 1.

N is the total number of observations.

^***

p < 0.001;

^**

p < 0.01;

p < 0.05;

⁺

p < 0.1