Table 2.
Random Effects Models Predicting Change in Intergenerational Supports by Children’s Gender (8064)
| Independent Variables | Financial Support | Instrumental Support | Emotional Support | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | |
| Level of Support at Time 1 | 0.476*** | 0.293*** | 0.842*** | 0.764*** | 0.239*** | 0.104*** |
| Child-level variables | ||||||
| Out-migration: In village → In village | ||||||
| In village → Out of village | 1.190 | 1.025 | 0.695 | 0.208*** | 1.203 | 0.779 |
| Out of village → Out of village | 1.053 | 1.237* | 0.406*** | 0.167*** | 1.546* | 0.860 |
| Out of village → In village | 0.827 | 1.124 | 0.878 | 0.470* | 1.055 | 0.983 |
| Grandchild-care received at Time 1 | 1.036+ | 1.038 | 1.109** | 1.116+ | 1.002 | 1.112+ |
| Change of Grandchild-care received: (No increase) Increase | 1.273+ | 1.763** | 1.257 | 0.932 | 1.331+ | 2.019* |
| Living arrangement: Continuing to live apart from parents | ||||||
| Not living with parents→Living with parents | 1.657** | 1.419 | 11.24*** | 9.485*** | 2.013** | 1.611 |
| Continuing to live with parents | 1.134 | 0.397* | 13.82*** | 29.56*** | 2.532*** | 0.659 |
| Living with parents→Not living with parents | 0.784 | 0.757 | 2.298** | 1.194 | 1.245 | 0.268 |
| Occupation: Agricultural work→Agricultural work | ||||||
| Agricultural work→Non-agricultural work | 1.107 | 1.028 | 0.742 | 0.458* | 1.111 | 1.176 |
| Non-agricultural work→Non-agricultural work | 1.240+ | 1.497*** | 0.737 | 0.531* | 1.136 | 1.810** |
| Non-Agricultural work→agricultural work | 1.132 | 0.736** | 0.767 | 1.092 | 1.218 | 1.080 |
| Education: Illiterate | ||||||
| Primary school | 1.236 | 1.099 | 0.796 | 0.925 | 1.377+ | 1.570* |
| Middle school education | 1.388+ | 0.950 | 0.607 | 2.415 | 1.887* | 0.899 |
| Relative Education: Lower than average level of all children in family | ||||||
| Not lower than average level of all children in family | 0.936 | 1.140 | 1.163 | 1.040 | 0.897 | 0.847 |
| Age | 0.997 | 0.992 | 1.003 | 0.999 | 0.971** | 0.978* |
| Marital status: (Unmarried) Married | 1.631*** | 1.584** | 1.652* | 0.846 | 1.107 | 1.523 |
| Parent-Level variables | ||||||
| Age | 1.010* | 1.029*** | 0.957*** | 0.968** | 1.131*** | 1.231*** |
| Gender: (Male) Female | 1.178 | 1.020 | 1.755** | 1.515+ | 1.671** | 2.197** |
| Marital status: (Unmarried) Married | 0.828* | 1.121 | 0.285*** | 0.612* | 1.932*** | 3.774*** |
| Education: (Illiterate) Literate | 1.048 | 0.967 | 0.914 | 0.926 | 1.756** | 1.29 |
| Occupation (Agricultural work) Non-agricultural work | 1.194 | 0.962 | 1.282 | 1.908+ | 0.947 | 1.193 |
| Functional status at Time 1 | 1.023 | 0.984 | 1.161*** | 1.238*** | 0.997 | 0.777*** |
| Change of functional status: (No decline) Decline | 0.985 | 0.728*** | 2.546*** | 2.917*** | 0.534*** | 0.435*** |
| -2LL | 2751.958 | 2395.256 | 1176.825 | 830.074 | 1963.693 | 1454.462 |
| N | 4263 | 3801 | 4263 | 3801 | 4263 | 3801 |
All static variables are measured at Time 1.
N is the total number of observations.
***
p < 0.001;
**
p < 0.01;
*
p < 0.05;
+
p < 0.1