Table 4.
Cross-sectional and prospective effect of frequency of fast-food consumption on energy intake, dietary measures and BMI among a community sample of working adults (n 200) aged 18–60 years taking part in worksite nutrition intervention in a large metropolitan medical complex, Minneapolis, MN, USA, September 2010–February 2013
| Cross-sectional effect | Prospective effect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of fast-food consumption at baseline (per week) | Change in fast-food consumption from baseline (per week) | |||||
| Outcomes | β | se | P value | β | se | P value |
| Energy intake* | ||||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 72·5 | 25·5 | 0·005 | 30·5 | 28·9 | 0·292 |
| Diet quality based on HEI-2010‡ | ||||||
| Overall HEI-2010 score | −1·23 | 0·49 | 0·012 | −0·19 | 0·56 | 0·740 |
| By HEI-2010 component | ||||||
| Total fruit | −0·06 | 0·07 | 0·347 | −0·08 | 0·08 | 0·306 |
| Whole fruit | −0·12 | 0·08 | 0·120 | −0·16 | 0·09 | 0·080 |
| Total vegetables | −0·14 | 0·05 | 0·004 | −0·14 | 0·07 | 0·034 |
| Greens and beans | −0·04 | 0·08 | 0·657 | −0·15 | 0·12 | 0·234 |
| Whole grains | −0·39 | 0·14 | 0·005 | 0·05 | 0·16 | 0·736 |
| Dairy | −0·07 | 0·12 | 0·585 | 0·22 | 0·15 | 0·135 |
| Total protein foods | −0·02 | 0·03 | 0·567 | 0·02 | 0·04 | 0·727 |
| Seafood and plant proteins | −0·08 | 0·08 | 0·332 | −0·20 | 0·12 | 0·085 |
| Fatty acids | −0·02 | 0·12 | 0·854 | 0·05 | 0·15 | 0·746 |
| Refined grains | 0·05 | 0·13 | 0·708 | 0·17 | 0·17 | 0·316 |
| Sodium | 0·06 | 0·13 | 0·640 | 0·03 | 0·17 | 0·857 |
| Empty calories† | 0·40 | 0·14 | 0·006 | −0·03 | 0·16 | 0·867 |
| Nutrient intakes‡ | ||||||
| % of energy from cholesterol | −0·26 | 0·34 | 0·439 | −0·16 | 0·33 | 0·631 |
| % of energy from fat | 0·39 | 0·27 | 0·150 | −0·14 | 0·32 | 0·674 |
| % of energy from saturated fat | 0·20 | 0·12 | 0·109 | −0·06 | 0·15 | 0·699 |
| % of energy from protein | −0·15 | 0·17 | 0·374 | 0·11 | 0·20 | 0·588 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | −1·75 | 1·77 | 0·324 | −1·42 | 1·73 | 0·411 |
| Fibre (g) | −0·83 | 0·26 | 0·002 | −0·36 | 0·28 | 0·211 |
| Ca (mg) | −11·7 | 13·3 | 0·380 | 25·6 | 15·6 | 0·104 |
| Mg (mg) | −6·99 | 2·95 | 0·019 | 0·76 | 3·59 | 0·832 |
| K (mg) | −57·5 | 23·6 | 0·016 | −7·25 | 27·8 | 0·795 |
| Na (mg) | −18·9 | 28·2 | 0·505 | −21·8 | 36·8 | 0·554 |
| Sugar (g) | 0·98 | 1·54 | 0·527 | −0·001 | 1·55 | 1·000 |
| BMI§ | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0·73 | 0·28 | 0·011 | −0·02 | 0·05 | 0·744 |
HEI-2010, Healthy Eating Index-2010.
Significant associations are shown in bold font.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, job type, income, partner, physical activity, BMI, time of follow-up and treatment group.
Direction of association changed to reflect use of component score in HEI-2010 scoring standards.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, job type, income, partner, physical activity, BMI, energy intake, time of follow-up and treatment group.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, job type, income, partner, physical activity, energy intake, time of follow-up and treatment group.