Table 3.
The Association Between Protein Intake (by Source) and Bone Strength Parameters from High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) of the Distal Tibia.
| Distal Tibia | Base Model | Multivariate model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy protein | Non-dairy animal protein | Plant protein | Dairy protein | Non-dairy animal protein | Plant protein | |
| Failure load | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.08) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.11) |
| BMD | 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.12) | 0.19 (0.10 0.29) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.11) |
| Total area | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.02) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.21, 0.02) | −0.12 (−0.21, −0.04) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.06) |
| Trabecular BMD | 0.15 (0.04, 0.25) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) |
| Trabecular area | −0.11 (−0.21, −0.00) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.05) | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.06) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.08) |
| Trabecular number | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.09) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.17) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.03) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) |
| Trabecular thickness | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.17) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.18) |
| Cortical BMD | 0.10 (0.01, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) |
| Cortical area | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.09=8) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.03) | 0.16 (0.06, 0.25) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02) |
| Cortical thickness | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.07) | 0.16 (0.06, 0.26) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.04) |
| Cortical porosity | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.19) | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.10) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.18) |
*
Effect size (beta coefficient with unit=SD). Protein measured as percentage of total energy intake (TEI), SD=2.9% TEI.
Base model adjusted for age, clinical center, total calories
Multivariate model adjusted for age, clinical center, total calories, limb length, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity level, corticosteroid use, supplement use (calcium and vitamin D), and osteoporosis medications.