Table 4.

The Association Between Protein Intake (by Source) and Bone Strength Parameters from High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) of the Diaphyseal Tibia.

Diaphyseal Tibia	Base Model			Multivariate model
	Dairy protein	Non-dairy animal protein	Plant protein	Dairy protein	Non-dairy animal protein	Plant protein
Failure load	0.10 (0.00, 0.20)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.07)	−0.06 (−0.17, 0.06)	0.09 (−0.01, 0.18)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.06)	−0.03 (−0.15, 0.08)
BMD	0.18 (0.07, 0.28)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)	0.10 (−0.01, 0.22)	0.18 (0.08, 0.29)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.07)	0.11 (−0.01, 0.22)
Total area	−0.05 (−0.15, 0.06)	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)	−0.11 (−0.23, 0.01)	−0.07 (−0.17, 0.03)	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)	−0.09 (−0.20, 0.03)
Cortical BMD	0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)	−0.03 (−0.10, 0.04)	0.17 (0.06, 0.29)	0.06 (−0.04, 0.17)	−0.04 (−0.11, 0.03)	0.15 (0.04, 0.27)
Cortical area	0.10 (−0.00, 0.20)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)	−0.06 (−0.18, 0.05)	0.08 (−0.01, 0.18)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.07)	−0.03 (−0.15, 0.08)
Cortical thickness	0.16 (0.06, 0.26)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.07)	0.02 (−0.12, 0.11)	0.16 (0.05, 0.26)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.07)	0.01 (−0.10, 0.13)
Cortical porosity	−0.01 (−0.11, 0.10)	0.00 (−0.07, 0.07)	−0.04 (−0.16, 0.08)	−0.01 (−0.12, 0.09)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)	−0.02 (−0.14, 0.10)

^*Effect size (beta coefficient with unit=SD). Protein measured as percentage of total energy intake (TEI), SD=2.9% TEI.

Base model adjusted for age, clinical center, total calories.

Multivariate model adjusted for age, clinical center, total calories, limb length, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity level, corticosteroid use, supplement use (calcium and vitamin D), and osteoporosis medications.