Table 1.
Demographic and substance use characteristics of Medicaid-insured pregnant women admitted to specialty opioid use disorder treatment in 30 states (n=3,354)a
| Characteristic | Overall, % (95% CI) | State Medicaid coverage of methadone maintenance
|
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=863), % (95% CI)b | Yes (n=2,491), % (95% CI)c | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 0.20 | |||
| 18 to 29 | 71.2 (69.7, 72.7) | 72.9 (69.9, 75.9) | 70.6 (68.8, 72.4) | |
| 30 to 44 | 28.8 (27.3, 30.3) | 27.1 (24.1, 30.1) | 29.4 (27.6, 31.2) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 84.9 (83.7, 86.2) | 89.2 (87.1, 91.3) | 83.5 (82.0, 84.9) | <0.001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 6.0 (5.2, 6.8) | 5.8 (4.2, 7.4) | 6.1 (5.2, 7.1) | |
| Hispanic/Latina, of any race | 5.5 (4.7, 6.2) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.9) | 6.7 (5.7, 7.6) | |
| Another race or multiple races | 3.6 (2.9, 4.2) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.2) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) | |
| Education | 0.29 | |||
| Some high school | 31.9 (30.3, 33.6) | 32.7 (29.1, 36.2) | 31.7 (29.8, 33.5) | |
| High school graduate | 46.2 (44.5, 47.9) | 43.9 (40.5, 47.3) | 47.0 (45.1, 49.0) | |
| Some college or more | 21.8 (20.4, 23.3) | 23.4 (20.3, 26.6) | 21.3 (19.7, 22.9) | |
| Substance use and treatment | ||||
| Daily opioid use prior to treatment | 57.5 (55.8, 59.2) | 42.8 (39.5, 46.1) | 62.5 (60.7, 64.5) | <0.001 |
| Heroin as primary substance used | 55.9 (54.2, 57.6) | 36.5 (33.3, 39.7) | 62.6 (60.7, 64.5) | <0.001 |
| First episode of treatment | 25.7 (24.2, 27.3) | 35.0 (31.8, 38.2) | 22.5 (20.8, 24.2) | <0.001 |
| Referral to treatment from the criminal justice system | 12.8 (11.6, 13.9) | 17.0 (14.5, 19.5) | 11.3 (10.0, 12.6) | <0.001 |
| Service setting | 0.007 | |||
| Residential | 19.9 (18.5, 21.2) | 16.2 (13.8, 18.7) | 21.2 (19.6, 22.8) | |
| Intensive outpatientd | 15.0 (13.8, 16.2) | 15.1 (12.7, 17.5) | 14.9 (13.5, 16.3) | |
| Non-intensive outpatient | 65.1 (63.5, 66.8) | 68.7 (65.6, 71.8) | 63.9 (62.0, 65.8) | |
a
Data are unique at the level of the treatment admission; therefore, individual patients may be included more than once
b
The 12 states that do not cover methadone maintenance in Medicaid are: AR, IA, IL, KS, KY, LA, MS, MT, SC, SD, TN, WV
c
The 18 states that cover methadone maintenance in Medicaid are: AK, AL, CO, DE, HI, MA, MD, ME, MO, ND, NH, NJ, NM, OR, PA, TX, UT, WY
d
Intensive outpatient treatment is defined as ≥2 hours of service per day for ≥3 days per week