Table 1.
Control (n = 15) |
Bell’s (n = 11) |
Ent. men (n = 10) |
Z. segmental (n = 14) |
Z. facial (n = 16)a |
Z. men_enc (n = 15)b |
P valuec (all patient groups) |
P valuec (VZV-positive subgroups only) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||||||
Sex [%] | ||||||||
Female | 47 | 55 | 40 | 57 | 56 | 40 | 0.89d | 0.57d |
Male | 53 | 45 | 60 | 43 | 44 | 60 | ||
Age [years] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 64 (36–91) | 45 (22–83) | 32.5 (22–76) | 60 (49–79) | 64.5 (20–89) | 55 (13–80) | 0.036 | 0.634 |
Mean (SD) | 64 (17) | 46 (20) | 41 (19) | 61 (10) | 59 (22) | 53 (21) | ||
Blood parameter | ||||||||
Leukocyte count [1000/μL] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 6.7 (1.0–11.5) | 8.3 (4.6–11.9) | 7.3 (4.0–14.0) | 5.9 (2.4–9.0) | 6.7 (4.1–13.2) | 6.9 (3.8–13.6) | 0.60 | 0.51 |
Mean (SD) | 6.8 (2.6) | 8.2 (2.3) | 7.5 (3.0) | 6.1 (2.1) | 7.2 (2.3) | 7.8 (3.3) | ||
C-reactive protein [mg/L] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 2.5 (1–29) | 3 (1–31) | 4 (1–39) | 2 (1–15) | 2.5 (1–18) | 2 (1–128) | 0.78 | 0.88 |
Mean (SD) | 5.9 (9.2) | 6.3 (9.6) | 9.3 (12.3) | 4.5 (4.4) | 4.4 (5.0) | 13.6 (32.3) | ||
CSF parameter | ||||||||
Leukocyte count [1/μL] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 1 (0–11) | 2 (0–5) | 9 (1–619) | 2 (0–18) | 17 (1–800) | 38 (2–1536) | 4.0E−06 | 7.0E−04 |
Mean (SD) | 1.9 (2.8) | 2.1 (1.5) | 129 (235) | 3.3 (4.5) | 156 (272) | 200 (400) | ||
Protein concentration [mg/L] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 385 (255–656) | 490.5 (309–829) | 518 (240–976) | 554.5 (273–880) | 503 (270–1485) | 649 (313–2048) | 0.086 | 0.29 |
Mean (SD) | 435 (134) | 497 (156) | 569 (205) | 533 (139) | 641 (342) | 823 (486) | ||
IgG index | ||||||||
Median (range) | 0.51 (0.47–0.60) | 0.47 (0.41–0.59) | 0.53 (0.47–0.63) | 0.54 (0.43–0.77) | 0.54 (0.43–0.86) | 0.55 (0.50–1.16) | 0.011 | 0.65 |
Mean (SD) | 0.53 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.56 (0.08) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.63 (0.18) | ||
Lactate [mmol/L] | ||||||||
Median (range) | 1.64 (1.21–2.50) | 1.57 (1.24–2.22) | 1.88 (1.55–3.55) | 1.78 (1.42–2.08) | 1.87 (1.44–4.24) | 2.73 (1.49–5.50) | 8.5E−04 | 0.006 |
Mean (SD) | 1.70 (0.30) | 1.65 (0.34) | 2.09 (0.62) | 1.76 (0.18) | 2.07 (0.67) | 2.81 (1.18) | ||
Blood-CSF-barrier disruption [%]e | ||||||||
No disruption | 60 | 55 | 20 | 54 | 50 | 21 | f | f |
Light | 40 | 45 | 70 | 39 | 31 | 36 | ||
Moderate | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7.7 | 19 | 29 | ||
Severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Bell’s Bell’s palsy, Ent. men enteroviral meningitis, men_enc meningoencephalitis, Z. zoster
aThis group comprised ten patients treated with steroids (1 mg/kg body weight per day) after CSF was obtained
bThis group comprised five patients with meningitis, nine with encephalitis, and one with myelitis; these subgroups did not differ among each other in terms of the parameters in this table. Clinical complications included new cranial nerve paralysis and severe organic brain syndrome (n = 2 each). One patient received immunosuppressive medications at the time of lumbar puncture
cCalculated by Kruskal-Wallis test unless stated otherwise. Italic numbers: P ≤ 0.05, P values were not corrected for multiple-hypothesis testing
dCalculated by chi-square test
ePatient-adjusted Q-albumin reference value = 4 + (age/15). No disruption ≤ reference value, light ≤ 15, moderate ≤ 25, severe > 25
fDifference was significant only for Z. men_enc vs. control (P = 0.028, Fisher’s exact test)