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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res. 2017 Feb 21;109(6):403–422. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23602

TABLE 2.

a. Pearson Correlation Coefficientsa of Exposuresb among Hispanic
Controls Born between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin
Valley of California (N = 466)
CO NO NO2 PM10 PM2.5
Carbon monoxide (CO) 1

Nitrogen oxide (NO) 0.80 1

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.77 0.74 1

Particulate matter <10 µm(PM10) 0.43 0.26 0.57 1

Particulate matter <2.5 µm(PM2.5) 0.82 0.74 0.63 0.57 1
b. Percentage of Concordance between Neighborhood Factors among Hispanic Controls Born between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San
Joaquin Valley of California (N = 466)
High Spanish
primary
language
Low U.S.
citizens
Recent
year of
entry
High
Hispanic
population
High
foreign-born
Low English
proficiency
Low
acculturation
indexa
High Spanish primary language 1

Low U.S. citizens 0.69 1

Recent year of entry 0.63 0.73 1

High Hispanic population 0.84 0.70 0.64 1

High foreign-born 0.74 0.75 0.66 0.82 1

Low English proficiency 0.63 0.72 0.68 0.71 0.80 1

Low acculturation indexa 0.76 0.79 0.70 0.85 0.90 0.83 1
a

All p-values < 0.0001.

b

Pollutant levels are based on 24-hr average measurements.

All chi-square p-values < 0.0001.

a

Index created using principal component analysis of all factors.