TABLE 4.
| a. aORsa and 95% CIs of NTDs and Spina Bifida Comparing Each Tertile of Exposure to COb to the Lowest (1st), Stratified by Neighborhood Acculturation Factors, among Births between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood factorc | CO tertile | Controls N |
NTD | Spina bifida | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | |||
| High Spanish primary language | 3rd | 69 | 24 | 2.6 (1.1–6.1) | 14 | 2.3 (0.8–6.4) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 82 | 19 | 1.8 (0.7–4.2) | 17 | 2.3 (0.9–6.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 65 | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Spanish primary language | 3rd | 40 | 17 | 1.7 (0.7–4.0) | 12 | 2.1 (0.7–6.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 36 | 13 | 1.4 (0.6–3.6) | 9 | 1.7 (0.5–5.2) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 41 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low U.S. citizens | 3rd | 64 | 17 | 1.4 (0.6–3.23) | 8 | 1.2 (0.4–3.7) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 68 | 16 | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 15 | 2.2 (0.8–6.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 56 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High U.S. citizens | 3rd | 45 | 24 | 3.1 (1.3–7.5) | 18 | 3.5 (1.3–9.7) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 50 | 16 | 1.8 (0.7–4.5) | 11 | 1.7 (0.6–5.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 50 | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High Hispanic | 3rd | 57 | 18 | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | 12 | 2.0 (0.7–5.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 62 | 13 | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 11 | 1.6 (0.5–4.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 51 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Hispanic | 3rd | 52 | 23 | 3.1 (1.3–7.6) | 14 | 2.4 (0.9–6.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 56 | 19 | 2.4 (1.0–6.1) | 15 | 2.4 (0.9–6.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 55 | 8 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High foreign-born | 3rd | 69 | 21 | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 13 | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 75 | 23 | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 19 | 2.9 (1.1–7.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 67 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low foreign-born | 3rd | 40 | 20 | 2.6 (1.0–6.5) | 13 | 2.2 (0.7–6.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 43 | 9 | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | 7 | 1.1 (0.3–3.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 39 | 8 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low English proficiency | 3rd | 43 | 10 | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | 4 | NC |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 47 | 9 | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | 8 | NC | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 31 | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 3 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High English proficiency | 3rd | 66 | 31 | *3.3 (1.5–7.0)d | 22 | 2.8 (1.2–6.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 71 | 23 | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) | 18 | 2.1 (0.9–5.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 75 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Recent year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 43 | 12 | 1.4 (0.6–3.7) | 8 | 1.5 (0.5–4.7) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 58 | 16 | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | 15 | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 50 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Earlier year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 66 | 29 | 2.6 (1.1–5.8) | 18 | 2.8 (1.0–7.5) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 60 | 16 | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | 11 | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 56 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low acculturation index | 3rd | 65 | 21 | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 13 | 2.1 (0.8–5.5) |
| 2nd | 76 | 20 | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 18 | 2.4 (0.9–6.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 69 | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High acculturation index | 3rd | 44 | 20 | 2.5 (0.9–6.6) | 13 | 2.2 (0.71–6.8) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 42 | 12 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 8 | 1.4 (0.41–4.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 37 | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | 5 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
| b. aORsa and 95% CIs of NTDs and Spina Bifida Comparing Each Tertile of Exposure to NOb to the Lowest (1st), Stratified by Neighborhood Acculturation Factors, among Births between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood factorc | NO tertile |
Controls N |
NTD | Spina bifida | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | |||
| High Spanish primary language | 3rd | 83 | 26 | 1.9 (0.9–3.9) | 17 | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 88 | 24 | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | 19 | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 84 | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Spanish primary language | 3rd | 41 | 22 | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | 16 | 1.7 (0.7–4.4) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 38 | 9 | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 4 | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 40 | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low U.S. citizens | 3rd | 74 | 20 | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 11 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 69 | 18 | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 13 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 71 | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High U.S. citizens | 3rd | 50 | 28 | 2.4 (1.1–5.2) | 22 | 2.6 (1.1–6.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 57 | 15 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 10 | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 53 | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High Hispanic | 3rd | 64 | 18 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 13 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 66 | 17 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 12 | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 75 | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Hispanic | 3rd | 60 | 30 | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) | 20 | 2.1 (0.8–5.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 60 | 16 | 1.3 (0.6–3.2) | 11 | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 49 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 8 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High foreign-born | 3rd | 80 | 28 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 19 | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 82 | 20 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 15 | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 86 | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
| Low foreign-born | 3rd | 44 | 20 | 1.8 (0.7–4.3) | 14 | 1.6 (0.6–4.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 44 | 13 | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 8 | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 38 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 8 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low English proficiency | 3rd | 46 | 10 | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 5 | 0.7 (0.2–2.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 45 | 11 | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | 7 | 1.0 (0.4–3.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 60 | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High English proficiency | 3rd | 78 | 38 | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | 28 | 1.9 (0.9–4.1) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 81 | 22 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 16 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 64 | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Recent year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 59 | 16 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 61 | 17 | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 13 | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 63 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Earlier year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 65 | 32 | 2.5 (1.2–5.2) | 21 | 2.8 (1.1–7.1) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 65 | 16 | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 10 | 1.3 (0.5–3.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 61 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low acculturation index | 3rd | 77 | 24 | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 17 | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 79 | 21 | 1.3 (0.6–2.5) | 16 | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 86 | 19 | 1.00 (Reference) | 14 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High acculturation index | 3rd | 47 | 24 | 2.18 (0.90–5.28) | 16 | 1.89 (0.70–5.10) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 47 | 12 | 1.10 (0.42–2.89) | 7 | 0.85 (0.27–2.64) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1 | 38 | 9 | 1.00 (Reference) | 7 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| c. aORsa and 95% CIs of NTDs and Spina Bifida Comparing Each Tertile of Exposure to NO2b to the Lowest (1st), Stratified by Neighborhood Acculturation Factors, among Births between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood factorc | NO2 tertile | Controls N |
NTD | Spina bifida | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | |||
| High Spanish primary language | 3rd | 113 | 37 | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) | 24 | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 100 | 27 | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 20 | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 104 | 19 | 1.0 (Reference) | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Spanish primary language | 3rd | 37 | 23 | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 15 | 2.1 (0.8–5.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 53 | 11 | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | 7 | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 47 | 17 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low U.S. citizens | 3rd | 92 | 30 | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) | 18 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 94 | 20 | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 14 | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 84 | 20 | 1.0 (Reference) | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High U.S. citizens | 3rd | 58 | 30 | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | 21 | 2.3 (1.0–5.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 59 | 18 | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 13 | 1.4 (0.6–3.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 67 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High Hispanic | 3rd | 88 | 32 | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 22 | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 79 | 21 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 13 | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 89 | 21 | 1.0 (Reference) | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Hispanic | 3rd | 62 | 28 | 1.9 (0.9–3.9) | 17 | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 74 | 17 | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 14 | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 62 | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High foreign-born | 3rd | 107 | 39 | 1.8 (1.0–3.4) | 26 | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 98 | 25 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 17 | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 101 | 21 | 1.0 (Reference) | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low foreign-born | 3rd | 43 | 21 | 1.6 (0.8–3.6) | 13 | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 55 | 13 | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) | 10 | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 50 | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low English proficiency | 3rd | 66 | 20 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 12 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 58 | 14 | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 7 | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 70 | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High English proficiency | 3rd | 84 | 40 | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 27 | 2.0 (1.0–4.2) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 95 | 24 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 20 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 81 | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Recent year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 77 | 26 | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 18 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 79 | 20 | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 15 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 77 | 19 | 1.0 (Reference) | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Earlier year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 73 | 34 | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 21 | 2.2 (1.0–4.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 74 | 18 | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 12 | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 74 | 17 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low acculturation index | 3rd | 103 | 36 | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 25 | 1.5 (0.8–3.0) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 101 | 25 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 17 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 98 | 22 | 1.0 (Reference) | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High acculturation index | 3rd | 47 | 24 | 2.0 (0.9–4.2) | 14 | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 52 | 13 | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 10 | 1.2 (0.5–3.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 53 | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
| d. aORsa and 95% CIs of NTDs and Spina Bifida Comparing Each Tertile of Exposure to PM10b to the Lowest (1st), Stratified by Neighborhood Acculturation Factors, among Births between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood factorc | PM10 tertile | Controls N |
NTD | Spina bifida | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | |||
| High Spanish primary language | 3rd | 106 | 37 | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | 24 | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 111 | 27 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 21 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 89 | 19 | 1.0 (Reference) | 14 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Spanish primary language | 3rd | 40 | 17 | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 13 | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 39 | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 7 | 1.0 (0.3–2.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 58 | 20 | 1.0 (Reference) | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low U.S. citizens | 3rd | 87 | 35 | 3.0 (1.4–6.2)d | 23 | 3.2 (1.3–8.0)d |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 90 | 21 | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | 15 | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 83 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High U.S. citizens | 3rd | 59 | 19 | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 14 | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 60 | 18 | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 13 | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 64 | 27 | 1.0 (Reference) | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High Hispanic | 3rd | 91 | 37 | 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 26 | 2.8 (1.1–6.8) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 90 | 22 | 1.4 (0.6–2.9) | 15 | 1.6 (0.6–4.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 63 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low Hispanic | 3rd | 55 | 17 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 11 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 60 | 17 | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 13 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 84 | 27 | 1.0 (Reference) | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High foreign-born | 3rd | 103 | 39 | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 28 | 2.1 (1.0–4.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 105 | 24 | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 17 | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 87 | 20 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low foreign-born | 3rd | 43 | 15 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 9 | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 45 | 15 | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 11 | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 60 | 19 | 1.0 (Reference) | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low English proficiency | 3rd | 70 | 26 | 2.1 (0.9–4.9) | 17 | NC |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 65 | 14 | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | 8 | NC | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 47 | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 4 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High English proficiency | 3rd | 76 | 28 | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 20 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 85 | 25 | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 20 | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 100 | 30 | 1.0 (Reference) | 21 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Recent year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 76 | 30 | 2.1 (1.0–4.3) | 20 | 2.0 (0.8–4.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 82 | 20 | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 17 | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 66 | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Earlier year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 70 | 24 | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 17 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 68 | 19 | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 11 | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 81 | 26 | 1.0 (Reference) | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Low acculturation index | 3rd | 102 | 40 | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 29 | 2.5 (1.1–5.4) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 107 | 25 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 18 | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 82 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| High acculturation index | 3rd | 44 | 14 | 0.9 (0.39–1.9) | 8 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd | 43 | 14 | 0.9 (0.41–1.9) | 10 | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | |
|
| ||||||
| 1st | 65 | 23 | 1.0 (Reference) | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
| e. aORsa and 95% CIs of NTDs and Spina Bifida Comparing Each Tertile of Exposure to PM2.5b to the Lowest (1st), Stratified by Neighborhood Acculturation Factors, among Births between 1997 and 2006 in Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood factorc | PM2.5 tertile | Controls N |
NTD | Spina bifida | ||
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| Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | Cases N | aOR (95% CI) | |||
| High Spanish primary language | 3rd | 84 | 29 | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 18 | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
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| 2nd | 88 | 26 | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 18 | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) | |
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| 1st | 80 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low Spanish primary language | 3rd | 37 | 13 | 1.2 (0.5–3.1) | 9 | 1.9 (0.6–6.2) |
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| 2nd | 34 | 14 | 1.4 (0.6–3.6) | 10 | 2.2 (0.7–7.1) | |
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| 1st | 38 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 5 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low U.S. citizens | 3rd | 74 | 26 | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 16 | 1.3 (0.6–3.1) |
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| 2nd | 70 | 17 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 12 | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | |
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| 1st | 67 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| High U.S. citizens | 3rd | 47 | 16 | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 11 | 2.0 (0.7–5.8) |
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| 2nd | 52 | 23 | 2.1 (0.9–4.7) | 16 | 2.6 (0.9–7.2) | |
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| 1st | 51 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| High Hispanic | 3rd | 68 | 23 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 15 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) |
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| 2nd | 69 | 21 | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | |
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| 1st | 58 | 17 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low Hispanic | 3rd | 53 | 19 | 2.2 (0.9–5.1) | 12 | 2.7 (0.9–8.3) |
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| 2nd | 53 | 19 | 2.3 (1.0–5.3) | 16 | 3.7 (1.3–10.8) | |
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| 1st | 60 | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 5 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| High foreign-born | 3rd | 78 | 30 | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) | 19 | 1.7 (0.8–3.9) |
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| 2nd | 85 | 24 | 1.5 (0.7–2.9) | 15 | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | |
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| 1st | 78 | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low foreign-born | 3rd | 43 | 12 | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) | 8 | 1.3 (0.4–4.0) |
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| 2nd | 37 | 16 | 1.6 (0.6–3.9) | 13 | 2.3 (0.8–6.7) | |
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| 1st | 40 | 11 | 1.0 (Reference) | 6 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low English proficiency | 3rd | 53 | 18 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 10 | 1.0 (0.3–2.9) |
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| 2nd | 53 | 14 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 8 | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | |
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| 1st | 36 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 7 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| High English proficiency | 3rd | 68 | 24 | 1.9 (0.9–4.0) | 17 | 2.0 (0.9–4.8) |
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| 2nd | 69 | 26 | 2.1 (1.0–4.3) | 20 | 2.4 (1.0–5.4) | |
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| 1st | 82 | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Recent year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 62 | 23 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | 15 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
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| 2nd | 62 | 19 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 14 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | |
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| 1st | 55 | 15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Earlier year of entry to U.S. | 3rd | 59 | 19 | 1.7 (0.7–3.7) | 12 | 2.5 (0.8–7.6) |
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| 2nd | 60 | 21 | 1.9 (0.8–4.1) | 14 | 2.9 (1.0–8.5) | |
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| 1st | 63 | 12 | 1.0 (Reference) | 5 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| Low acculturation index | 3rd | 79 | 29 | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 19 | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) |
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| 2nd | 79 | 22 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 14 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
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| 1st | 75 | 18 | 1.0 (Reference) | 13 | 1.0 (Reference) | |
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| High acculturation index | 3rd | 42 | 13 | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) | 8 | NC |
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| 2nd | 43 | 18 | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | 14 | NC | |
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| 1st | 43 | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 4 | NC | |
Data in bold type are estimates that have 95% CIs that do not include 1.
a
Analyses are adjusted for maternal nativity (U.S.- or foreign-born), education, and vitamin use (for the month prior to and/or the first 2 months of pregnancy).
b
CO levels are based on 24-hr average measurements, which are then averaged over the 1st and 2nd months of pregnancy and analyzed in tertiles (determined from controls). Tertile ranges: 1st 5 0.13–0.42; 2nd 5 0.43–0.62; 3rd 5 0.63–1.35 ppm.
c
Variables from the 2000 U.S. Census at the block group level stratified near the median.
d
Wald chi-square test of homogeneity p < 0.05 are comparing each neighborhood acculturation factor.
NC, not calculated (estimates that rely on cells less than five).
a
Analyses are adjusted for maternal nativity (U.S.- or foreign-born), education, and vitamin use (for the month prior to and/or the first 2 months of pregnancy).
b
NO levels are based on 24-hr average measurements, which are then averaged over the 1st and 2nd months of pregnancy and analyzed in tertiles (determined from controls). Tertile ranges: 1st = 0.69–5.06; 2nd = 5.07–15.02; 3rd = 15.03–67.34 ppb.
c
Variables from the 2000 U.S. Census at the block group level stratified near the median.
a
Analyses are adjusted for maternal nativity (U.S.- or foreign-born), education, and vitamin use (for the month prior to and/or the first 2 months of pregnancy).
b
NO2 levels are based on 24-hr average measurements, which are then averaged over the 1st and 2nd months of pregnancy and analyzed in tertiles (determined from controls). Tertile ranges: 1st = 7.27–14.39; 2nd = 14.40–18.69; 3rd = 18.70–38.94 ppb.
c
Variables from the 2000 U.S. Census at the block group level stratified near the median.
a
Analyses are adjusted for maternal nativity (U.S.- or foreign-born), education, and vitamin use (for the month prior to and/or the first 2 months of pregnancy).
b
PM10 levels are based on 24-hr average measurements, which are then averaged over the 1st and 2nd months of pregnancy and analyzed in tertiles (determined from controls). Tertile ranges: 1st = 13.17–27.39; 2nd = 27.40–39.75; 3rd = 39.76–95.32 µg/m3.
c
Variables from the 2000 U.S. Census at the block group level stratified near the median.
d
Wald chi-square test of homogeneity p < 0.05 are comparing each neighborhood acculturation factor.
NC, not calculated (estimates that rely on cells less than five).
a
Analyses are adjusted for maternal nativity (U.S.- or foreign-born), education, and vitamin use (for the month prior to and/or the first 2 months of pregnancy).
b
PM2.5 levels are based on 24-hr average measurements, which are then averaged over the 1st and 2nd months of pregnancy and analyzed in tertiles (determined from controls). Tertile ranges: 1st = 4.58–11.81; 2nd = 11.82–22.39; 3rd = 22.40–66.29 µg/m3.
c
Variables from the 2000 U.S. Census at the block group level stratified near the median.
NC, not calculated (estimates that rely on cells less than five).