Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of sleep medication use among NHATS community-dwelling older adults in the United States (n=7,148)
| Variable | Unadjusted OR OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (All predictors) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety1 | ||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 2.60 (2.24, 3.02)*** | 1.57 (1.29, 1.91)*** |
| Depression2 | ||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 1.98 (1.74, 2.24)*** | 1.29 (1.08, 1.54)** |
| Age | ||
| 65–74 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 75–84 | 1.04 (0.936, 1.15) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) |
| 85+ | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.64 (0.56, 0.73)*** | 0.72 (0.63, 0.82)*** |
| Education | ||
| Less than High School | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High School | 1.03 (0.89, 1.2) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.35) |
| College and above | 0.972 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.86)*** |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 0.58 (0.50, 0.68)*** | 0.49 (0.41, 0.58)*** |
| Hispanic | 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98)* |
| Other | 0.48 (0.36, 0.66)*** | 0.40 (0.29, 0.56)*** |
| Sleep Latency | ||
| Every night | 6.13 (5.05, 7.45)*** | 4.15 (3.27, 5.28)*** |
| Most nights | 5.05 (3.95, 6.46)*** | 3.47 (2.62, 4.61)*** |
| Some nights | 3.57 (3.04, 4.21)*** | 2.76 (2.29, 3.34)*** |
| Rarely | 2.10 (1.76, 2.52)*** | 1.73 (1.44, 2.01)*** |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Difficulty Falling Back Asleep | ||
| Every night | 3.95 (3.12, 5.00)*** | 1.38 (1.02, 1.87)* |
| Most nights | 4.05 (3.31, 4.94)*** | 1.77 (1.37, 2.28)*** |
| Some nights | 2.73 (2.39, 3.12)*** | 1.61 (1.36, 1.91)*** |
| Rarely | 1.86 (1.56, 2.21)*** | 1.46 (1.25, 1.71)*** |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Dementia | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.54 (1.17, 2.02)*** | 1.31 (0.94, 1.80) |
| Chronic Conditions | ||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 | 1.71 (1.36, 2.15)*** | 1.34 (1.07, 1.70)** |
| 4–6 | 2.88 (2.24, 3.71)*** | 1.68 (1.27, 2.23)*** |
| Self-Rated Health | ||
| Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Very Good | 1.48 (1.17, 1.87)*** | 1.26 (1.00, 1.59) |
| Good | 1.56 (1.24, 1.97)*** | 1.28 (0.99, 1.64) |
| Fair | 2.10 (1.69, 2.62)*** | 1.49 (1.15, 1.92)** |
| Poor | 3.77 (2.91, 4.89)*** | 2.30 (1.65, 3.21)*** |
Notes. Chronic conditions represents a composite score, ranging from 0–6, of having a diagnosis of high blood pressure, heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, Diabetes, and Cancer, or not. Data were weighted to account for complex survey design and represent a sample of older adults living in the United States.
Anxiety was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 module. Scores less than or equal to 2 were considered low anxiety and scores greater than or equal to 3 were considered high anxiety.
Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 module. Scores less than or equal to 2 were considered low depression and scores greater than or equal to 3 were considered high depression.
p < 0.05;
p < 0.01;
p < 0.001
Adjusted logistic regression F 25, 32 = 37.13