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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1071. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19484-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SEM images of different titanium surfaces at magnification of 8000×. (a) Polished titanium surface. (b) Spear-type surface showing a dense nanostructure comprising short and thin spears. The inset shows a SEM image of a nano-spear with a cone-shaped cap taken at 100,000×magnification. (c) Pocket-type surface formed by intertwining of the longer and wider nano-spears.