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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1071. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19484-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Interaction energies for the three titanium surfaces using the different surface roughness values as measured on each individual sample, but using the same surface energy parameters as measured on the polished one. The red arrows indicated the repulsive maximum barrier. (b) Interaction energies for the three titanium surfaces using different surface roughness values and different surface energy parameters as measured on each individual sample, respectively. The red arrows indicated the repulsive maximum barrier.