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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1161. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19516-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Abnormalities and activating effects of WJS for cell morphology, proliferation, secretion, and protein expression of OVX-MSCs. (a) Phase contrast observations of Sham-MSCs (left panel), OVX-MSCs-WJ(-) (middle panel) and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+) (right panel). Images were obtained at 48 h after activation with WJS. Bar: 100 μm. (b) Population doubling time of Sham-MSCs, OVX-MSCs-WJ(-), and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+) at passage 2. *P < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 5–6 BM-MSC cultures. (c) MTT proliferation assay of Sham-MSCs, OVX-MSCs-WJ(-), and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+). *P < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 5–6 BM-MSC cultures. (d) Relative mRNA expression of Sham-MSCs, OVX-MSCs-WJ(-), and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+). *P < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 4 BM-MSCs. Opg, osteoprotegerin. (e) OPG levels in the culture supernatant of Sham-MSCs, OVX-MSCs-WJ(-), and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+). *P < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 4 BM-MSC cultures. (f) Immunofluorescence staining of Sham-MSCs (left panel), OVX-MSCs-WJ(-) (middle panel), and OVX-MSCs-WJ(+) (right panel) with an anti-TFG-β antibody (red). DAPI was used for counterstaining nuclei (blue). Bar: 100 μm.