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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1111. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19297-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Shipping contributes a range of gas and particle emissions to the aerosol burden that may be more acutely felt in sensitive ecosystems. The left hand image of a passenger ferry taken from measurement site at Risholmen penninsula (Fig. 2) illustrates the ship’s exhaust plume, which consists of primary gases and particles and can transform vis-á-vis a number of chemical and physical processes. The icebreaker image (right, courtesy of K. Abrahamsson), illustrates the link to marine mixed phase clouds, that may be uniquely sensitive to emissions in areas of more pristine aerosol.