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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1115. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19521-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SWCNTs, but not GO, trigger macrophage secretion of chemokines. Secretion of chemokines by primary human macrophages (HMDM) after a 24 h exposure to SWCNTs or GO as measured by a multi-plex immunoassay. (a–d) Exposure of HMDM to 30 µg/mL SWCNTs showed a significant increase in CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL3/MIP-1α, and CCL5/RANTES, while there was no response in cells exposed to GO at the same concentration. (e,g) Dose-dependent secretion of CCL3/MIP-1α, and CCL5/RANTES in cells exposed to SWCNTs, while there was no response to GO at any of the concentrations tested (f,h). Data are shown as mean values ± S.D. of three independent experiments using cells from different donors; p-values by Student’s t-test, * < 0.05; *** < 0.001.