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. 2017 Sep 4;92(1):469–485. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-2048-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — Effects of zoledronate treatments on TGFβ1 in HK-2 cells. a TGFβ1 mRNA expression in HK-2 cells under various concentrations of zoledronate treatments. b Western blot analysis of TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling and fibrosis markers in the HK-2 cells after zoledronate treatments. c Comparisons of zoledronate treatment with TGFβ1 receptor agonist (TGFβ) or inhibitor (SB431542) on p-Smad3 and fibrotic factor protein expressions. d Induction of relative mRNA levels of genes related to kidney fibrosis by zoledronate treatments. All data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6) and ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 and ^*** P < 0.001 compared to control, respectively