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. 2018 Jan 18;8:1047. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18523-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Swelling kinetic of the collagen (Col)/glycol-chitosan (GCS) hydrogels initiated from the wet state. Greater swelling ratios were obtained for the Col/GCS hydrogels with higher GCS concentrations (G1s). W_t and W₀ are the wet weights at the arbitrary and initial times, respectively; (b) Water content of the hydrogels initiated from the dried state. W_t and W_d are the weights at the swollen and dried states, respectively. A sudden increase was found in the water content of the hydrogels 2 hours after immersion in PBS. The hydrogels reached an equilibrium water content after 2 days; (c) The fractional residual mass (%) of the hydrogels immersed in the enzyme solution for a duration of 42 days. A half-life of more than 35 days was found for the proposed hydrogels; (d) Average storage moduli of the hydrogels for the frequencies between 0.01 and 20 Hz. Larger storage moduli were found for the Col/GCS hydrogels compared with the associated negative controls; (e) Stress-strain curves of the hydrogels obtained through compression test. The area inscribed below the graph denotes the compressive toughness of the sample; (f) The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of the cells over a duration of 10 days; and (g,h) Cell viability rates (%) and cell density (total number of cells per mL) in each hydrogel configuration over a duration of 7 days (Col-III: collagen type III, Col-I: collagen type I, Col-I&III: both Col-I and Col-III, and CTL: negative controls. G1 and G2 represent the final GCS concentration of 2% and 1%, respectively).