Table 3.
Comparison between different concentrations of serum ω-3 PUFAs.
| Variables | EPA groups | DHA groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low EPA n = 230 | High EPA n = 229 | P value | Low DHA n = 228 | High DHA n = 228 | P value | |
| Age (y) | 68.95 ± 12.73 | 69.14 ± 11.31 | 0.868 | 69.35 ± 12.05 | 68.70 ± 12.00 | 0.567 |
| Male [n (%)] | 164(71.3%) | 171(74.7%) | 0.400 | 168(73.7%) | 165(72.4%) | 0.752 |
| Smoking habit/Current [n (%)] | 34(19.4%) | 21(15.9%) | 0.413 | 33(19.8%) | 22(15.9%) | 0.388 |
| Alcoholic habit/Current [n (%)] | 36(20.6%) | 13(9.8%) | 0.011 | 31(18.6%) | 17(12.3%) | 0.136 |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 150(65.2%) | 155(67.7%) | 0.576 | 153(67.1%) | 151(66.2%) | 0.843 |
| Hyperlipidemia [n (%)] | 114(49.6%) | 122(53.3%) | 0.454 | 109(47.8%) | 126(55.3%) | 0.122 |
| Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 71(30.9%) | 74(32.3%) | 0.763 | 78(34.2%) | 68(29.8%) | 0.315 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.04 ± 3.49 | 25.19 ± 3.18 | 0.631 | 25.28 ± 3.46 | 24.96 ± 3.22 | 0.321 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| CAD [n (%)] | 112(48.7%) | 78(34.1%) | 0.001 | 107(46.9%) | 80(35.1%) | 0.010 |
| PCI/CABG | 58(56.3%) | 45(43.7%) | 0.421 | 58(56.9%) | 44(43.1%) | 0.914 |
| Coronary restenosis [n (%)] | 45(48.4%) | 22(38.6%) | 0.242 | 44(48.9%) | 21(36.2%) | 0.129 |
| Blood test | ||||||
| EPA (μg/L) | 250.88 | 702.44 | <0.001 | 286.62 | 685.87 | <0.001 |
| IQR | 183.278–311.289 | 492.47–991.18 | 202.04–387.43 | 381.26–984.93 | ||
| DHA (μg/L) | 810.75 | 3032.40 | <0.001 | 753.74 | 3129.60 | <0.001 |
| IQR | 508.70–1463.41 | 1480.69–5846.94 | 492.30–1042.32 | 2220.42–5878.16 | ||
| EPA/DHA | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.133 | 0.44 | 0.17 | <0.001 |
| IQR | 0.12–0.52 | 0.15–0.39 | 0.28–0.66 | 0.11–0.25 | ||
| VitD (nmol/L) | 44.52 ± 14.29 | 49.97 ± 13.10 | 0.006 | 47.50 ± 15.07 | 47.86 ± 13.01 | 0.857 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.21 | 1.41 | 0.001 | 1.21 | 1.41 | 0.005 |
| IQR | 0.87–1.70 | 1.06–1.95 | 0.88–1.64 | 1.06–2.01 | ||
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.08 ± 1.09 | 4.34 ± 1.19 | 0.016 | 4.06 ± 1.23 | 4.38 ± 1.04 | 0.003 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.07 ± 0.29 | 1.12 ± 0.31 | 0.089 | 1.06 ± 0.28 | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 0.029 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.43 ± 0.85 | 2.57 ± 0.92 | 0.105 | 2.40 ± 0.88 | 2.61 ± 0.89 | 0.012 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 18.00 | 19.00 | 0.540 | 18.00 | 18.00 | 0.854 |
| IQR | 13.00–25.00 | 14.00–26.00 | 14.00–25.00 | 14.00–26.00 | ||
| ALB (g/L) | 40.62 ± 5.33 | 42.25 ± 6.14 | 0.003 | 40.42 ± 6.18 | 42.42 ± 5.25 | <0.001 |
| RBC (1012/L) | 4.36 ± 0.64 | 4.48 ± 0.61 | 0.035 | 4.38 ± 0.64 | 4.47 ± 0.62 | 0.140 |
| Hb (g/L) | 135.75 ± 18.93 | 140.65 ± 18.40 | 0.005 | 136.30 ± 19.10 | 140.06 ± 18.47 | 0.034 |
| MCHC (g/L) | 340.47 ± 16.20 | 344.48 ± 24.47 | 0.040 | 341.52 ± 16.47 | 343.38 ± 24.37 | 0.342 |
| Pcr (µmol/L) | 105.98 ± 72.06 | 96.97 ± 44.53 | 0.108 | 102.56 ± 66.23 | 100.46 ± 53.61 | 0.709 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.88 ± 26.86 | 75.06 ± 19.11 | 0.591 | 75.73 ± 27.08 | 73.18 ± 18.78 | 0.243 |
| K (mmol/L) | 3.96 ± 0.49 | 4.06 ± 0.50 | 0.022 | 3.96 ± 0.53 | 4.06 ± 0.46 | 0.043 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 141.86 ± 18.27 | 141.14 ± 2.91 | 0.558 | 142.02 ± 18.32 | 140.98 ± 3.07 | 0.403 |
| GLU (mmol/L) | 5.82 ± 2.04 | 5.66 ± 1.52 | 0.329 | 5.76 ± 1.53 | 5.73 ± 2.05 | 0.855 |
| CK (IU/L) | 74.00 | 68.00 | 0.368 | 81.00 | 63.00 | 0.008 |
| IQR | 49.00–115.00 | 50.00–93.00 | 52.50–115.50 | 45.00–92.00 | ||
| BNP (pg/ml) | 118.00 | 74.00 | 0.093 | 120.00 | 66.00 | 0.004 |
| IQR | 41.75–340.75 | 31.25–246.00 | 44.50–377.75 | 29.50–210.50 | ||
| HsCRP (mg/L) | 1.64 | 2.03 | 0.610 | 1.91 | 1.52 | 0.799 |
| IQR | 0.60–6.27 | 0.50–10.24 | 0.60–8.88 | 0.50–4.64 | ||
| Medication [n (%)] | ||||||
| Aspirin | 85(49.4%) | 53(39.6%) | 0.095 | 81(49.1%) | 55(39.6%) | 0.096 |
| Clopidogrel | 60(34.9%) | 45(33.6%) | 0.784 | 61(37.0%) | 42(30.2%) | 0.201 |
| Statins | 107(62.2%) | 79(59.0%) | 0.563 | 108(65.5%) | 76(54.7%) | 0.055 |
| ACEIs | 30(17.4%) | 11(8.2%) | 0.019 | 26(15.8%) | 14(10.1%) | 0.144 |
| ARBs | 41(23.8%) | 39(29.1%) | 0.258 | 40(24.2%) | 40(28.8%) | 0.371 |
| β-Blockers | 95(55.2%) | 62(46.3%) | 0.131 | 92(55.8%) | 64(46.0%) | 0.091 |
| CCBs | 61(35.5%) | 43(32.1%) | 0.512 | 52(31.7%) | 51(36.7%) | 0.342 |
| Diuretics | 46(26.7%) | 20(14.9%) | 0.013 | 43(26.1%) | 23(16.5%) | 0.045 |
| Nitrates | 57(33.1%) | 35(26.1%) | 0.173 | 56(34.1%) | 36(25.9%) | 0.128 |
| Antidiabetics | 47(27.3%) | 36(26.8%) | 0.776 | 45(27.3%) | 38(27.3%) | 0.652 |
| PPIs | 52(30.2%) | 43(32.1%) | 0.753 | 59(35.8%) | 35(25.2%) | 0.047 |
PCI/CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting; Coronary restenosis, coronary restenosis confirmed by CTA or CAG within one year; VitD, Vitamin D; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; TBIL, total bilirubin; RBC, red blood cells; Hb, hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; Pcr, plasma creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; K, potassium; Na, sodium; GLU, fasting blood glucose; CK, creatine kinase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide.