Table 3.

Toxicity profile of some cholinium‐based ILs

Anion	Biosystem	Comment on toxicity
	Eukaryotic cell: J774 murine macrophage	More toxic than NaCl.37
	Eukaryotic cell: human lung fibroblast, human liver carcinoma cells, and human kidney fibroblast	Toxicity depends on the anion.27
	Multicellular organism: Daphnia magna	Less toxic than imidazolium and pyridinium ILs.38
	Eukaryotic cell: Penicillium brevicompactum, P. glandicola, P. corylophilum, P. diversum	Could be more toxic than ethanol with toxicity depending on length and branching of alkyl chain.25
	Prokaryotic cell: V. fischeri	More toxic than atrazine, benzene, 1‐butylpyridinium, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, and 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium‐based ILs.33
	Eukaryotic cell: human colon carcinoma Caco‐2 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells	No toxicity from cholinium cation. 34
	Eukaryotic cell: channel catfish ovary cells.	Very low toxicity with EC50 > 1,000 mg L−1.44