Table 2.
Bivariate analysis between the factors and the CPQ11–14
| OS | FL | EWB | SWB | CPQ11–14 total score | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||
| F | 186 | 7.35(2.87) | 7.00(4) | 0.168 | 5.03(4.02) | 4.50(5) | 0.202 | 6.38(5.70) | 5.00(8) | 0.000** | 3.73(4.63) | 2.00(5) | 0.008** | 22.48(14.15) | 19.00(18) | 0.022* |
| M | 178 | 7.70(3.05) | 8.00(5) | 4.49(3.81) | 4.00(6) | 4.48(5.35) | 2.00(8) | 3.14(4.72) | 1.00(4) | 19.81(14.03) | 16.00(18) | |||||
| Total | 364 | 7.52(2.96) | 8.00(5) | 4.77(3.92) | 4.00(5) | 5.45(5.61) | 3.50(8) | 3.44(4.68) | 2.00(4) | 21.18(14.13) | 18.00(19) | |||||
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||||||
| Primary school graduate or below | 58 | 7.76(3.02) | 8.00(4) | 0.843 | 5.19(4.17) | 3.00(6) | 0.704 | 6.86(6.51) | 5.00(10) | 0.258 | 4.19(5.30) | 2.00(6) | 0.335 | 24.00(15.46) | 19.50(22) | 0.293 |
| Secondary school graduate or below | 239 | 7.48(2.85) | 8.00(3) | 4.76(3.96) | 4.00(6) | 5.26(5.51) | 3.00(8) | 3.33(4.45) | 2.00(4) | 20.82(13.92) | 17.00(18) | |||||
| College graduate or above | 67 | 7.46(3.31) | 8.00(5) | 4.45(3.59) | 4.00(4) | 4.91(4.95) | 3.00(7) | 3.16(4.91) | 1.00(5) | 19.99(13.58) | 16.00(17) | |||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||||||
| Primary school graduate or below | 57 | 8.07(3.03) | 8.00(5) | 0.035* | 4.82(3.93) | 4.00(6) | 0.509 | 6.40(6.08) | 5.00(9) | 0.356 | 3.54(4.63) | 2.00(5) | 0.675 | 22.84(14.33) | 18.00(20) | 0.270 |
| Secondary school graduate or below | 264 | 7.33(2.90) | 7.00(4) | 4.70(3.91) | 4.00(6) | 5.27(5.57) | 3.00(8) | 3.48(4.85) | 2.00(4) | 20.78(14.34) | 17.00(19) | |||||
| College graduate or above | 43 | 7.98(3.18) | 8.00(6) | 5.09(4.09) | 4.00(5) | 5.30(5.15) | 3.00(8) | 3.02(3.65) | 2.00(5) | 21.40(12.64) | 19.00(16) | |||||
| Household income | ||||||||||||||||
| Below HK$10,000 | 52 | 8.27(2.71) | 8.00(4) | 0.057 | 4.96(4.43) | 3.00(7) | 0.395 | 5.73(5.80) | 4.00(8) | 0.865 | 3.42(4.77) | 1.00(4) | 0.932 | 22.38(15.07) | 18.00(20) | 0.880 |
| HK$10,001-HK$20,000 | 149 | 7.20(2.92) | 7.00(4) | 4.38(3.63) | 4.00(5) | 5.72(5.70) | 4.00(8) | 3.36(4.15) | 2.00(4) | 20.65(13.35) | 17.00(18) | |||||
| HK$20,001-HK$30,000 | 61 | 7.34(3.02) | 7.00(5) | 4.70(4.04) | 4.00(5) | 5.48(6.11) | 3.00(10) | 3.48(4.96) | 1.00(5) | 21.00(15.60) | 18.00(20) | |||||
| HK$30,001-HK$40,000 | 39 | 8.51(2.99) | 9.00(5) | 5.69(3.83) | 6.00(7) | 5.18(5.70) | 2.00(8) | 3.64(5.71) | 1.00(5) | 23.03(15.25) | 16.00(18) | |||||
| Over HK$40,001 | 63 | 7.21(3.04) | 7.00(4) | 5.03(4.08) | 4.00(6) | 4.71(4.68) | 3.00(9) | 3.49(4.94) | 2.00(5) | 20.44(13.23) | 19.00(18) | |||||
| Periodontal status | ||||||||||||||||
| CPI score = 0 | 27 | 6.63(2.75) | 6.00(4) | 0.095 | 4.26(4.48) | 2.00(6) | 0.247 | 4.85(5.97) | 3.00(5) | 0.533 | 2.11(2.74) | 1.00(4) | 0.285 | 17.85(12.28) | 14.00(17) | 0.209 |
| CPI score > 0 | 337 | 7.59(2.97) | 8.00(5) | 4.81(3.88) | 4.00(5) | 5.50(5.58) | 4.00(8) | 3.55(4.79) | 2.00(5) | 21.44(14.25) | 18.00(18) | |||||
| CPI score < 2 | 61 | 6.92(2.74) | 6.00(4) | 0.083 | 4.43(4.16) | 3.00(5) | 0.287 | 4.34(5.04) | 3.00(7) | 0.114 | 2.20(3.65) | 1.00(3) | 0.024* | 17.89(11.68) | 15.00(16) | 0.064 |
| CPI score = 2 | 303 | 7.64(2.99) | 8.00(4) | 4.84(3.88) | 4.00(5) | 5.67(5.69) | 4.00(8) | 3.69(4.83) | 2.00(5) | 21.84(14.50) | 18.00(19) | |||||
| Caries experience | ||||||||||||||||
| < SiC Index value | 317 | 7.51(3.00) | 8.00(5) | 0.814 | 4.84(3.93) | 4.00(5) | 0.349 | 5.42(5.60) | 3.00(8) | 0.968 | 3.38(4.55) | 2.00(4) | 0.590 | 21.14(13.99) | 18.00(19) | 0.968 |
| > =SiC Index value | 47 | 7.60(2.72) | 8.00(4) | 4.32(3.89) | 3.00(5) | 5.64(5.73) | 4.00(9) | 3.85(5.53) | 2.00(5) | 21.40(15.24) | 16.00(17) | |||||
| IOTN (DHC) treatment need | ||||||||||||||||
| No need | 194 | 7.69(3.02) | 8.00(5) | 0.209 | 4.49(4.05) | 3.00(6) | 0.146 | 5.39(5.59) | 4.00(9) | 0.900 | 3.31(4.69) | 1.00(4) | 0.234 | 20.88(14.33) | 18.00(18) | 0.847 |
| Borderline need | 78 | 7.06(2.84) | 7.00(4) | 5.19(3.94) | 4.00(5) | 5.56(5.87) | 3.50(9) | 3.99(4.95) | 2.00(5) | 21.81(14.71) | 15.00(22) | |||||
| Definite need | 92 | 7.55(2.94) | 7.00(4) | 4.99(3.62) | 4.50(6) | 5.48(5.47) | 3.00(9) | 3.25(4.41) | 1.50(4) | 21.27(13.33) | 17.50(18) | |||||
| IOTN (AC) treatment need | ||||||||||||||||
| No need | 290 | 7.39(2.95) | 7.00(4) | 0.203 | 4.70(3.97) | 4.00(6) | 0.301 | 5.26(5.53) | 3.00(8) | 0.468 | 3.41(4.64) | 1.00(5) | 0.575 | 20.76(14.04) | 17.00(18) | 0.388 |
| Borderline need | 50 | 8.06(2.96) | 8.00(4) | 4.80(4.00) | 4.00(5) | 6.00(5.91) | 4.00(10) | 3.74(5.17) | 2.00(4) | 22.60(15.42) | 18.50(21) | |||||
| Definite need | 24 | 8.00(3.09) | 8.50(6) | 5.54(3.20) | 5.00(5) | 6.54(5.95) | 5.00(12) | 3.17(4.26) | 2.00(4) | 23.25(12.65) | 19.00(20) | |||||
| DAI | ||||||||||||||||
| Normal or minor malocclusion-no treatment need or slight need | 153 | 7.31(2.98) | 7.00(5) | 0.049* | 4.35(3.80) | 4.00(6) | 0.176 | 5.07(5.17) | 3.00(9) | 0.214 | 3.17(4.31) | 1.00(4) | 0.088 | 19.91(13.29) | 18.00(18) | 0.060 |
| Definite malocclusion-treatment selective | 111 | 7.89(3.20) | 8.00(4) | 5.06(4.15) | 4.00(6) | 5.79(6.01) | 4.00(9) | 4.11(5.36) | 2.00(6) | 22.86(15.74) | 18.00(22) | |||||
| Severe malocclusion-treatment highly desirable | 65 | 6.94(2.67) | 6.00(4) | 4.78(3.93) | 3.00(6) | 5.02(5.95) | 3.00(7) | 2.66(4.13) | 1.00(4) | 19.40(13.56) | 14.00(17) | |||||
| Very severe (handicapping) malocclusion-treatment mandatory | 35 | 8.31(2.37) | 8.00(4) | 5.63(3.61) | 5.00(5) | 6.80(5.43) | 7.00(9) | 3.94(4.72) | 2.00(4) | 24.69(12.64) | 23.00(17) | |||||
| ICON treatment need | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 241 | 7.40(3.05) | 7.00(5) | 0.319 | 4.55(3.97) | 4.00(6) | 0.061 | 5.29(5.62) | 3.00(9) | 0.291 | 3.51(4.75) | 2.00(5) | 0.519 | 20.74(14.42) | 17.00(19) | 0.207 |
| Yes | 123 | 7.76(2.77) | 8.00(4) | 5.20(3.81) | 5.00(6) | 5.76(5.58) | 4.00(9) | 3.31(4.56) | 2.00(4) | 22.02(13.57) | 18.00(19) | |||||
| ICON complexity | ||||||||||||||||
| Easy | 103 | 7.41(3.11) | 8.00(5) | 0.329 | 3.94(3.66) | 3.00(5) | 0.079 | 4.70(5.26) | 2.00(8) | 0.300 | 2.78(4.12) | 1.00(4) | 0.306 | 18.83(13.17) | 16.00(18) | 0.213 |
| Mild | 188 | 7.36(2.89) | 7.00(4) | 5.06(4.05) | 4.00(6) | 5.49(5.58) | 4.00(8) | 3.89(5.11) | 2.00(5) | 21.80(14.60) | 18.00(18) | |||||
| Moderate | 34 | 7.97(3.02) | 8.00(4) | 5.06(4.61) | 4.00(9) | 6.00(6.36) | 3.00(11) | 2.88(4.03) | 1.00(4) | 21.91(15.51) | 15.50(26) | |||||
| Difficult | 21 | 8.52(2.70) | 9.00(4) | 5.00(2.57) | 5.00(4) | 6.71(5.64) | 5.00(9) | 3.19(3.99) | 2.00(5) | 23.43(11.95) | 20.00(16) | |||||
| Very difficult | 18 | 7.78(3.04) | 8.50(5) | 5.61(3.53) | 5.00(5) | 6.78(6.25) | 6.00(12) | 3.89(4.68) | 2.00(3) | 24.06(13.81) | 21.50(26) | |||||
| PAR | ||||||||||||||||
| Almost ideal or Acceptable occlusion | 188 | 7.38(3.15) | 7.00(5) | 0.397 | 4.30(3.87) | 3.00(5) | 0.010* | 5.08(5.60) | 3.00(9) | 0.078 | 3.16(4.55) | 1.00(4) | 0.049* | 19.93(14.19) | 17.00(18) | 0.031* |
| Malocclusion | 176 | 7.66(2.75) | 8.00(4) | 5.27(3.93) | 4.50(6) | 5.84(5.60) | 4.00(9) | 3.73(4.81) | 2.00(5) | 22.51(13.99) | 18.00(18) | |||||
Nonparametric tests: comparison between two samples used the Mann-Whitney U test; others used the Kruskal-Wallis H test; *: P < 0.05, **P < 0.01
IOTN index of orthodontic treatment need, DHC dental health component, AC aesthetic component, ICON index of complexity, outcome and need, PAR peer assessment rating, CPI community periodontal index, DMFT decayed, missing and filled teeth
SiC Index significant caries index, OS oral symptoms domain, FL functional limitations domain, EWB emotional well-being, SWB social well-being, CPQ child perceptions questionnaire, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range