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. 2017 Sep 6;2(3):17. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics2030017

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Approaches to synthesis of fluorescent MMNPs. (a) Structure of rhodamine 123 (RA123). (b) Structures of rhodamine B (RAB), including the fluorescent cationic acid, non-fluorescent neutral lactone, and fluorescent zwitterionic structures. (c) In situ approach and subsequent PEGylation: MMNP@RA123 and MMNP@RAB are first synthesized by DA polymerization in the presence of RA123 or RAB. These fluorescent NPs are subsequently PEGylated, forming MMNP@RA123@PEG and MMNP@RAB@PEG. (d) Post-functionalization approach: MMNP@PEG@RA123 and MMNP@PEG@RAB are formed by treatment of MMNP@PEG with RA123 or RAB in unbuffered ultrapure water or pH 8.5 buffer.