Table 1.
Studies of the effects of health education intervention in physical activity.
| Reference | PEDro score | Participants | Intervention |
PA assessment | PA results/conclusions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type/provider | Follow-up | ||||||
| Azar et al., 2016 [17] | 8/10 | 74 participants Immediate Group: 37 (22 women); 59.6 ± 11.9 years Delayed group: 37 (22 women); 59.8 ± 10.5 years |
24 weekly face-to-face groups videoconference + seven in-person group based PA Physicians, nutritionists, exercise physiologists and lifestyle coaches |
Six m | Stanford seven-day PA recall | Change from baseline to three m, mean (95% CI): Immediate group: 652.8 (236.8–1068.7) Delayed group: 103.6 (–294.8–501.9) Between-group difference: 549.2 (–26.8–1125.2) |
No changes in PA in either group at three and six months |
| Griffin et al.,2014 [27] | 8/10 | 478 participants with T2DM. IG: 239 (89 women), 59.5 ± 7.5 years CG: 239 (91 women), 59.8 ± 7.5 years |
Intensive treatment plus a theory-based behaviour change intervention: 1 h introductory meeting + six 30 min meetings + four brief phone calls Lifestyle facilitators |
12 m | Four days accelerometry and Norfolk PA questionnaire | IG: 90.0 ± 55.1–95.2 ± 55.7 MET- h/week CG: 78.6 ± 48.0 to 80.1 ± 49.5 MET-h/week |
PA improved in both groups. No significant differences between groups at one year in PA both objectively and subjectively measured. |
| Reid et al., 2014 [29] | 7/10 | 426 family members of patients with CAD. IG: 211 (128 women), 52.0 ± 11.9 years CG: 215 (133 women), 51.1 ± 11.3 years |
17 counselling sessions (one face-to-face +16 telephone); weekly for the first 12 weeks and then at weeks 16, 20, 26, 39 and 52 Health educator |
12 m | Modified Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire | IG: 91.7 ± 102.5 to 142.5 ± 122.0 min/week CG: 88.7 ± 99.7 to 118.6 ± 109.1 min/week |
The IG showed higher PA levels than the CG. |
| Lakerveld et al.,2013 [24] | 8/10 | 622 adults at risk for T2DM and CVDs. IG: 314 (178 women), 43.6 ± 5.1 years CG: 308 (185 women), 43.4 ± 5.5 years |
Cognitive behavioural program: six 30-min counselling sessions + three-monthly sessions by phone for one year + health brochures Practice nurses |
12 m | SQUASH questionnaire | Values are median (Q1;Q3) of moderate PA: IG: 56 (19–150) to 52 (21–138) MET min/day CG: 47 (19–120) to 56 (26–126) MET min/day |
No changes in PA |
| Hardcastle et al.,2013 [22] | 7/10 | 334 participants with CVDs risk factors. IG: 203 (n of women n/a), 50.1 ± 0.7 years CG: 131, 50.4 ± 1.0 years |
Standard exercise and nutrition information plus up to five face-to-face motivational interviewing sessions PA specialist, registered dietitian |
Six m | IPAQ | Walking time: IG: 996.1 ± 1116.6 to 1195.54 ± 1277.6 METmin/week CG: 1242.5 ± 1432.7 to 1050.5 ± 1344.4 METmin/week |
The IG significantly increased walking time. |
| Cochrane et al.,2012 [19] | 8/10 | 601 participants with Framingham score ≥20%. IG:236 (32 women), 63.3 ± 6.4 years CG: 365 (36 women), 63.9 ± 6.5 years |
NHS health check service + support for lifestyle change based on the motivational interview/counselling model Lifestyle coach |
Support upto 12 m | General practice PA questionnaire | Mean PA score: IG: 2.07–2.81 CG: 2.65–2.80 |
PA scores improved in both the CG (NHS health check only group) and the IG (NHS health check plus additional lifestyle support) |
| Harris et al., 2012 [20] | 7/10 | 699 participants either aged 56–64 years or 40–55 years with hypertension or dyslipidaemia. IG: 384 (232 women), mean age n/a CG: 315 (169 women) |
Brief lifestyle advice and motivational counselling: one individual session + four 1.5-h sessions over the first three months and a further two follow-up sessions at six and nine months. GP, nurses and practice managers |
Nine m | The brief PA assessment tool | PA score: IG: 3.71, 4.59 and 4.60 CG: 3.38, 3.89 and 4.09 |
PA increased to a greater extent in the IG both at six and nine months |
| Parra-Medina et al., 2011 [8] | 9/10 | 266 women with hypertension or diabetes. IG: 136, mean age n/a CG: 130 |
Theory-based lifestyle intervention targeting PA and dietary fat intake: tailored telephone counselling and tailored newsletters Primary care providers and nurses |
12 m | CHAMPS Questionnaire | Odds ratios (95%CI) of increasing leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous PA: IG: 3.82 (1.41, 10.30) (at 6 months) 1.76 (0.62, 5.0) (at 12 months) |
The IG showed higher total and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous PA at 6 months but not at 12 months |
| Koelewijn-Van Loon et al., 2009 [23] | 7/10 | 589 patients eligible for cardiovascular risk management. IG: 304 (174 women), 56 ± 10 years CG: 285 (151 women), 58 ± 10 years |
2 face-to-face consultations (15-20 min) + 10 min telephone consultation (or a face-to face consultation) Nurses |
12 w | CHAMPS Questionnaire | Moderate or vigorousintensity PA: IG: 405 ± 343 to 460 ± 362 min/week CG: 447 ± 345 to 449 ± 365 min/week |
No changes in PA |
| Holmen et al.,2014 [28] | 7/10 | 151 Diabetic participants FTA Group: 51 (17 women); 58.6 ± 11.8 years FTA-HC: 50 (25 women); 57.4 ± 12.1 years CG: 50 (20 women); 55.9 ± 12.2 years |
FTA Group: mobile phone with self-management system FTA-HC group: five phone based conversations (20 min) during four months for health counselling with motivational interviewing based on the transtheoretical model. Nurses |
12 m | HeiQ questionnaire | FTA group: 2.78 (2.52, 3.04) to 2.82 (2.60, 3.05) FTA-HC: 2.78 (2.57, 2.99) to 2.81 (2.57, 3.04) CG: 2.71 (2.51, 2.92) to 2.81 (2.58, 3.04) |
No changes in PA |
| Armit et al., 2009 [25] | 6/10 | 136 participants not meeting PA recommendations (82 women). IG (ES): 45 (31 women), mean age n/a IG (ES + P): 45 (27 women) CG: 46 (24 women) |
ES: GP usual care +30 min PA counselling based on the transtheoretical model. ES + P: as for ES group, with goal setting (steps/day) and self-monitoring focusing on a pedometer GP and Exercise scientists |
12 w (24 w follow-up) | Active Australia PA questionnaire | Odds ratios (95% CI) for meeting the National Physical Activity Guidelines IG (ES + P): 2.39 (1.01, 5.64) IG (ES): 1.14 (.47, 2.76) |
PA improved in all groups. At week 24, the ES + P group were more likely to report meeting PA guidelines than the CG |
| Davies et al., 2008 [26] | 7/10 | 824 patients with T2DM. IG: 437 (47 women), 59 years (SD n/a) CG: 387 43 women), 60 years |
Six-hour structured group health education programme focused on lifestyle factors, such as food choices and PA Registered healthcare professionals |
12 m | IPAQ | No IPAQ data is reported. | The IG showed greater increase in PA at four months |
| Wister et al., 2007 [9] | 8/10 | 315 participants with a Framingham score ≥10% IG: 157 (86 women), 55.8 ± 5.5 years CG: 158 (98 women), 55.1 ± 5.2 years |
Report card showing person’s risk profile + telehealth-guided self-care management system at every six months Lifestyle counsellors |
12 m | Five-point ordinal scale | Difference between baseline and one year, mean (95% CI): IG: 0.17 (–0.06–0.40) CG: 0.16 (–0.08–0.40) |
No differences between groups |
| Hardcastle et al., 2008 [21] | 7/10 | 334 participants with CVDs risk factors IG: 203 (n of women n/a), 50.1 ± 0.7 years CG: 131, 50.4 ± 0.9 years |
Patient-centred counselling intervention that incorporated standard exercise and nutrition information + up to five face-to-face motivational interviewing sessions PA specialists, registered dietician |
Six m | IPAQ | Baseline and follow-up changes: IG: 198 ± 63 Met min/week walking CG: –145 ± 109 Met-min/week walking IG: 245 ± 104 Met min/week total PA CG: –122 ± 158 Met min/week total PA |
The IG significantly increased walking and total PA when compared to the CG |
| Elley et al., 2003 [18] | 5/10 | 878 sedentary participants. IG: 451 (301 women), 57.2 ± 10.8 years CG: 427 (281 women), 58.6 ± 11.5 years |
A prompt card, stating the stage of change, + oral and written advice by GP in the consultation + at least three telephone calls (lasting 10–20 min) over the next three months GP and practice nurse |
Three m | Three-month PA recall questionnaire | Mean changes (95% CI): IG: 54.6 (41.4–68.4) min/week CG: 16.8 (6.0–32.4) min/week |
The IG showed greater increase in PA during leisure time and total energy expenditure than the CG |
CAD: coronary artery disease; CG: control group; CHAMPS: community healthy activities model programme for seniors; CVDs: cardiovascular diseases; ES: exercise scientist group; GP: general practitioner; IG: intervention group; IPAQ: international physical activity questionnaire; HeiQ: health education impact questionnaire; n/a: not available; PA: physical activity; P: pedometer; m: months; SD: standard deviation; SQUASH: short questionnaire to assess health enhancing physical activity; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; w: weeks; FTA: few touch application; FTA HC: few touch application with health counselling.