Table 12.9.1.
Probe Types and Characteristics
| Probe | Characteristic |
|---|---|
| Hoecsht 33342 | A cyan-fluorescing, DNA-binding probe. Membrane-permeant, it labels nuclei of all cells; especially useful in assays of apoptosis. It has a wide emission spectra that will bleed into green channels with multi-photon excitation |
| Propidium iodide | A red-fluorescing, DNA-binding probe. Membrane-impermeant, it labels the nuclei of necrotic cells. |
| 3,000-Da dextrana | A bulk probe that, when injected intravenously, is freely filtered by the glomerulus. Used for assays of glomerular permeability and proximal tubule endocytosis. |
| 10,000-Da dextrana | A bulk probe that, when injected intravenously, is freely filtered by the glomerulus, and is permeant in the vasculature. Used for assays of glomerular permeability, proximal tubule endocytosis, and vascular permeability. |
| 40,000-Da dextrana | A bulk probe that, when injected intravenously, is slowly filtered by the kidney, and is relatively impermeant in the vasculature to extravasation into the interstitial space. Used for assays of glomerular permeability, vascular flow, and vascular permeability. |
| 150,000-Da dextrana | A bulk probe that when injected intravenously, is not filtered by the kidney, but is retained in the vasculature. Used for assays of glomerular permeability, vascular flow, and vascular permeability |
| 500,000-Da dextrana | A bulk probe that, when injected intravenously, is not filtered by the kidney, but is retained in the vasculature. Used for assays of glomerular permeability, vascular flow, and vascular permeability. |
| Serum Albumina | A bulk probe that, when injected intravenously, is very slowly filtered by the kidney. Used for assays of glomerular permeability, proximal tubule endocytosis, vascular flow, and vascular permeability. |
| Rhodamine B hexyl ester | A red-fluorescing probe that accumulates in mitochondria, on the basis of membrane potential. Injected intravenously, it labels the mitochondria of metabolically active endothelial cells, circulating white blood cells, and podocytes surrounding glomerular capillary loops. |
| Rhodamine 123 | A green-fluorescing mitochondrial probe that accumulates on the basis of membrane potential, injected intravenously. At lower concentrations it selectively accumulates in the mitochondria of proximal tubule cells. |
| Tetramethyl-rhodamine, Methyl Ester, Perchlorate (TMRM) | A red-fluorescing mitochondrial probe that accumulates on the basis of membrane potential, injected intravenously. At lower concentrations it selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial of distal tubule cells and principal cells of collecting ducts but not intercalated cells; producing a checkerboard pattern. |
a
Non-fluorescent probes that must be conjugated to fluorophore (see Reagents and Solutions section).