Table 6.

Inpatient multidisciplinary pain management programs in other countries

Facility	Staff	Hospitalization	Treatment method	Outcomes
Washington Center for Pain Relief (Seattle, WA, USA)	Rehabilitation medicine physicians, pain psychologists, physical and occupational therapists, vocational counselors	4 weeks	Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program, which includes physical exercise and reconditioning, and psychological strategies for managing pain and the associated emotional and behavioral changes	Improvements in reported pain, pain worry, fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, and physical function, 74% of patients returned to work or underwent retraining
Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen (Bremen, Germany)	Physicians, nurses, therapists, clinical psychologist	3–4 weeks	Multidisciplinary inpatient orthopedic rehabilitation program, which includes physical exercise training, cognitive behavioral therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, and psychological counseling	Significantly improved psychological and pain-related outcome measures, especially anxiety level
Institute for Physiotherapy, Bern University Hospital (Bern, Switzerland)	Rheumatologists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, a movement analyst, and a humor therapist	4 weeks	Interdisciplinary approach including drug therapy, physiotherapy (aerobic endurance training, qigong/tai chi exercises), and individual psychotherapy that includes cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation therapy, humor therapy, and education in coping skills	Significantly improved pain scores, mental health, and coping outcomes
University of Duisburg-Essen (Essen, Germany)	Physicians, nurses, mind–body therapists	2 weeks	Multidisciplinary pain management program, which includes classical naturopathy (hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, manual therapy, massage, physiotherapy, exercise, nutritional therapy, and fasting), stress reduction, nutritional counseling, and self-help skills	Significant improvements in pain intensity, pain disability, pain perception, quality of life, depression, and perceived stress
Chronic Pain Management and Neuromodulation Centre at St. Thomas’s Hospital (London, UK)	Anesthesiologists, clinical psychologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and nurses	4 weeks	An inpatient cognitive behavioral pain program with physical and psychological assessment, exercise therapy and stretching, and relaxation technique training	Significant improvements for all measures of psychological and physical function. A majority of patients were satisfied with the treatment
Auckland City Hospital (Auckland, New Zealand)	Registered psychiatrists, medical and nursing staff, psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and vocational rehabilitation officers	4 weeks	Cognitive behavioral pain program, which includes education about physiology and psychology in pain; behavioral pain management; promoting adaptive cognitions via cognitive restructuring, visualization, and imagery techniques; exercise; individual, group, family, and vocational counseling; medication; and staff verbal reinforcement of patients’ activity	Significant improvements at posttreatment for measures of psychological distress, pain behavior, health-related disability, and pain intensity following physical exertion