Table 3. Patient-reported outcomes at 12-month follow-up in the Embrace study: Overview of the results of the intention-to-treat multilevel analyses for the whole sample and per risk profile.
| Whole sample | Complex care needs | Frail | Robust | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1456) | (n = 365) | (n = 237) | (n = 854) | |||||||||||||||
| Embrace | CAU | Embrace | CAU | Embrace | CAU | Embrace | CAU | |||||||||||
| Scale scores (range) |
Higher score* | Mean change | Mean change | p-value† | ES | Mean change | Mean change | p-value† | ES | Mean change | Mean change | p-value† | ES | Mean change | Mean change | p-value† | ES | |
| Health | ||||||||||||||||||
| EQ-5D-3L | -0.33–1.00 | + | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.670 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.521 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.0 | 0.223 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.630 | 0.03 |
| EQ-VAS | 0–100 | + | -0.5 | -0.6 | 0.878 | 0.01 | -0.1 | 1.6 | 0.323 | 0.10 | -1.7 | -3.0 | 0.387 | 0.11 | -0.4 | -0.9 | 0.511 | 0.05 |
| INTERMED-E-SA | 0–60 | - | -0.1 | -0.2 | 0.597 | 0.03 | -1.9 | -2.6 | 0.149 | 0.15 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.608 | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.540 | 0.04 |
| GFI | 0–15 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.998 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.552 | 0.06 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 0.586 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.411 | 0.06 |
| Katz-151 | 0–15 | - | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.047 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.33 | 0.204 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.660 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.035 | 0.14 |
| PADL | 0–6 | - | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.011 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.058 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.561 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.089 | 0.12 |
| IADL2 | 0–7 | - | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.185 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.363 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.355 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.063 | 0.13 |
| Wellbeing | ||||||||||||||||||
| GWI SF Score3 | 0–1 | + | -0.02 | -0.02 | 0.892 | 0.01 | -0.02 | -0.03 | 0.512 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.0 | 0.478 | 0.09 | -0.02 | -0.02 | 0.900 | 0.01 |
| QoL general | 0–5 | - | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.636 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.587 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.818 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.289 | 0.07 |
| QoL vs 1 year ago | 0–5 | - | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.320 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.01 | 0.471 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.425 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.018 | 0.16 |
| Self-management | ||||||||||||||||||
| SMAS-30 | 0–100 | + | -1.1 | -0.8 | 0.411 | 0.04 | -2.0 | 0.2 | 0.015 | 0.26 | -0.4 | -0.7 | 0.705 | 0.05 | -0.9 | -1.2 | 0.664 | 0.03 |
| INIT | 0–100 | + | -2.3 | -2.5 | 0.709 | 0.02 | -2.8 | -2.1 | 0.530 | 0.07 | -1.7 | -2.3 | 0.658 | 0.06 | -2.2 | -2.8 | 0.485 | 0.05 |
| SE | 0–100 | + | -0.8 | -0.9 | 0.455 | 0.04 | -2.1 | 1.7 | 0.020 | 0.24 | 0.0 | -1.3 | 0.619 | 0.07 | -0.4 | -2.0 | 0.585 | 0.04 |
| INVEST | 0–100 | + | -1.1 | 0.0 | 0.802 | 0.01 | -1.3 | 0.8 | 0.005 | 0.30 | -0.3 | 0.5 | 0.412 | 0.11 | -1.2 | -0.4 | 0.068 | 0.13 |
| POSITIVE | 0–100 | + | -0.2 | 0.2 | 0.542 | 0.03 | -0.2 | 1.2 | 0.217 | 0.13 | -0.3 | 0.5 | 0.680 | 0.05 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 0.835 | 0.01 |
| MULT | 0–100 | + | -0.8 | -0.4 | 0.124 | 0.08 | -1.9 | 1.1 | 0.126 | 0.16 | -1.1 | -1.7 | 0.609 | 0.07 | -0.2 | -0.6 | 0.383 | 0.06 |
| VAR | 0–100 | + | -1.3 | -0.8 | 0.461 | 0.04 | -3.2 | -1.3 | 0.177 | 0.14 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.450 | 0.10 | -1.2 | -0.8 | 0.649 | 0.03 |
| PIH-OA4 | 8–64 | + | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.285 | 0.06 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.976 | 0.00 | 1.7 | -0.8 | 0.020 | 0.31 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.936 | 0.01 |
| Knowledge | 2–16 | + | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.009 | 0.14 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.113 | 0.17 | 1.0 | -0.2 | 0.015 | 0.32 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.245 | 0.08 |
| Management | 2–16 | + | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.691 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.969 | 0.00 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.398 | 0.11 | -0.1 | -0.1 | 0.965 | 0.00 |
| Coping | 4–32 | + | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.659 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.336 | 0.10 | 0.6 | -0.4 | 0.119 | 0.21 | -0.2 | 0.0 | 0.355 | 0.06 |
CAU = Care as usual; EQ-5D-3L = EuroQol-5D-3L; EQ-VAS = EuroQoL-5D visual analogue scale; ES = Effect size d, thresholds <0.2 trivial, ≥ 0.2–0.5 small, ≥0.5–0.8 medium, ≥ 0.8 large; GFI = Groningen Frailty Indicator; GWI SF Score = Groningen Well-being Indicator Satisfaction Score; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; INIT = Taking initiatives subscale; INTERMED-E-SA = INTERMED for the Elderly Self-Assessment; INVEST = Investment behaviour subscale; MULT = Multi-functionality of resources subscale; PADL = Physical Activities of Daily Living; PIH-OA = Partners in Health scale for older adults; POSITIVE = Positive frame of mind subscale; QoL = Quality of life; SE = Self-efficacy beliefs subscale; SMAS-30 = Self-Management Ability Scale version 2; VAR = Variety in resources subscale.
* + Higher score means improvement;—higher score means deterioration.
† Values are corrected for age and sex; bold values indicate p<0.05.
1 Percentage of missing items at baseline before imputation 7.4%
2 Percentage of missing items at baseline before imputation 5.4% and 6.1% at follow-up.
3 Percentage of missing items at baseline before imputation 12.7%
4 Percentage of missing items at baseline before imputation 5.7%
Bold text and orange filling: Significant (p<0.05) or clinically relevant (ES ≥0.20) deterioration
Bold text and green filling: Significant (p<0.05) or clinically relevant (ES ≥0.20) improvement