Table 3.
Mean annual per-patient cost of COPD during maintenance phase according to GOLD stages based on FEV1 (€)
| Cost categories | Stage I | Stage II | Stage III | Stage IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct medical cost | ||||
| Pharmaceutical treatment | 310.73 (349.27) | 560.02 (440.06) | 976.81 (437.16) | 1,220.56 (531.61) |
| Medical visits | 35.93 (61.66) | 35.51 (69.49) | 54.51 (77.93) | 45.00 (77.54) |
| Laboratory/functional/imaging tests | 7.94 (6.32) | 19.31 (37.39) | 29.22 (41.20) | 31.75 (29.22) |
| Other treatments | ||||
| LTOT | 40.00 (207.85) | 54.91 (222.65) | 308.03 (466.58) | 682.76 (521.20) |
| Vaccination | 3.40 (3.10) | 12.90 (23.79) | 10.24 (19.48) | 18.42 (27.25) |
| Direct nonmedical cost | ||||
| Transportation | 10.23 (15.57) | 22.58 (29.43) | 29.78 (31.51) | 43.40 (36.96) |
| Total | 408.23 (503.19) | 705.23 (596.79) | 1,408.59 (742.00) | 2,041.89 (858.19) |
Note: Data are presented as mean (SD).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; SD, standard deviation.