Table 2.
Novel biomarkers for diagnostic purposes in severe asthmaa
| Examples of novel biomarkers | Potential samples | |
|---|---|---|
| Tissue-associated biomarkers | Neutrophil count | Sputum |
| TLR2b | Sputum | |
| TLR4b | Sputum | |
| IL8RB (CXCR2)b | Sputum | |
| Eosinophil count | Sputum, blood | |
| Galectin 3c | Sputum | |
| Leukotrienesd | Sputum | |
| CXCL4d | Sputum | |
| CCL5 (RANTES)d | Sputum | |
| Epithelium-derived biomarkers | Periostin | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB, nasal secretions/cells |
| MMPs | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB, nasal secretions/cells | |
| Fibrinogen | Sputum, blood | |
| Epithelium- and tissue-associated (mixed origin) biomarkers | IL1β | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB |
| Osteopontin | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB | |
| VEGF | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB | |
| YKL40 | Sputum, blood, BALF, BB | |
| Exhaled breath condensate | Eotaxin 1 (CCL11) | Exhaled breath |
| LTB4 | ||
| LXA4 | ||
| Fractional exhaled nitric oxide | Nitric oxide | Exhaled breath |
Notes:
a
From easily accessible body fluids;
b
surface markers of neutrophils;
c
eosinophil-surface marker;
d
platelet-derived mediators.
Abbreviations: LT, leukotriene; LX, lipoxin; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BB, bronchial biopsy.