Study and country of origin	Total number of patients	Sampling	Diagnoses	Average or range of cognitive testing scores	Age, years	Sex	Companions present or considered in analysis	Ethnicity	Setting
Elsey et al, 2015 (UK)24	30	Consecutive referrals to memory clinic October 2012 to October 2014 agreeing to participate in video recording. 30/99 videos analysed. Refusal data not provided	Neurodegenerative (ND), functional memory disorder (FMD)	Not described	ND: Median 60 (47–80), FMD: 66 (51–78)	ND: 45.5% F FMD: 66.7% F	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Fukui et al, 2011 (Japan)32	181	Consecutive referrals attending clinic run by lead author during the period September 2010 to March 2011. Refusal data not provided	Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), vascular dementia (VaD)	HDSR (Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale) — short cognitive test AD: 14.5 (+/– 6.6) aMCI: 24.8 (+/– 3.9) DLB: 15.1 (+/– 6.9) PSP: 14.5 (+/– 8.0) VaD: 20.5 (+/– 4.2)	AD: 79.1 (+/– 8.7 years), aMCI: 79.3 (+/– 4 years), DLB: 77.9 (+/– 6.3 years), PSP: 78.4 (+/– 5.2 years), VaD: 73.8 (+/– 3.2 years)	AD: 65% F, aMCI: 63% F, DLB: 47% F, PSP: 38% F, VaD: 33% F	Yes	Not described	Neurology department
Ghadri-Sani and Larner, 2013 (UK)33	191	Over a 10-month period (February to December 2012), 191 consecutive new referrals were observed for the presence of HTS	Dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitively normal	85/191 judged to have cognitive impairment. Cognitive scores not provided	Median: 60 (20–89)	45% F	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Hasselkus, 1992 (US)34	27	Purposive sampling approach to patients on clinic roster likely to be accompanied by a family member. Number approached and refusals not described	‘Continuing health problems’, ‘dementing illnesses’, hearing impairment, and expressive dysphasia	Although participants are described as ‘cognitively impaired’ or ‘not cognitively impaired’ the cutoff point for cognitive impairment not described	Mean 77.3 (64–91)	Not described	Yes	100% white	General internal medicine clinic
Hasselkus, 1994 (US)35	27	Purposive sampling approach to patients on clinic roster likely to be accompanied by a family member. Number approached and refusals not described	‘Continuing health problems’, ‘dementing illnesses’, hearing impairment, and expressive dysphasia	Although participants are described as ‘cognitively impaired’ or ‘not cognitively impaired’ the cutoff point for cognitive impairment not described	Mean 77.3 (64–91)	Not described	Yes	100% white	General internal medicine clinic
Hesson and Pichler, 2016 (UK and US)36	72	Outpatient consultations from the Verilogue corpus where physicians identified ‘dementia’ as one of the primary conditions being assessed during the visit	Mild cognitive impairment, moderate cognitive impairment, severe cognitive impairment	Although MMSE performed during consultation, scores were not extracted. Severity was assessed by the consulting physician as follows. mild cognitive impairment: 18 (25%), moderate cognitive impairment: 39 (54.2%), severe cognitive impairment: 15 (20.8%)	55–74 years: 20 (27.8%), ≥75 years: 52 (72.2%)	65.3% F	No	Not described	Ambulatory care clinics with neurologists or primary care physicians
Jones et al, 2016 (UK)23	25	Consecutive referrals to memory clinic October 2012 to October 2014 agreeing to participate in video recording. 25 videos recorded. Refusals not described	Neurodegenerative (ND), functional memory disorder (FMD)	Neurodegenerative: average ACE R score: 56/100 (range: 28–80), non-neurodegenerative (FMD): average ACE R: 93/100 (range: 85–99)	ND: Median 61, FMD: 60, overall range: 47–77	64% F	No	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Karnieli-Miller et al, 2012 (Israel)37	25	Described as ‘convenience sampling’: 25 first-time assessments at diagnostic memory clinic recruited for participation. Refusals not described	Not described, but dementia diagnosis delivered in at least some participants	MMSE range 12–27	All >65	68% F	Yes	Not described	Outpatient memory clinics: mix of psychiatry, geriatrician, and neurology led
Larner, 2005 (UK)38	183	All consecutive referrals over 2-year period (September 2002 to August 2004)	Dementia, MCI, not dementia	Range of cognitive scores not described.	Not described	Not described	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Larner, 2009 (UK)39	Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: 552, Sep 2002 to Aug 2004: 183	All consecutive patients seen by one neurologist over 4-year period. (September 2004 to August 2008)	Dementia, not dementia	Range of cognitive scores not described	Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: Mean 61.4 (range: 20–90), Sep 2002 to Aug 2004): Mean 59.2 (range: 25–82)	Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: 49% F, Sep 2002 to Aug 2004: 43% F	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Larner, 2012 (UK)40	207	Over a 10-month period (January to October 2011), consecutive new referrals were observed for the presence of HTS	AD and mixed AD/cerebrovascular disease, amnestic MCI, frontotemporal lobar degenerations, dementia with Lewy bodies, subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia, and miscellaneous others. Depression and depression with cognitive impairment	82/207 (39%) judged to have cognitive impairment. Cognitive scores not described	Median: 60 (18–91)	53% F	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Larner, 2014 (UK)41	726 (years 2008–2011), 735 (years 2002–2008)	Consecutive new patient referrals to a cognitive clinic seen over a 3-year period (September 2008 to August 2011)	Dementia, MCI, ‘cognitively healthy’	Range of cognitive scores not described	Median: 61 (16–92)	47.2 F	Yes	Not described	Neurology-led memory clinic
Rosseaux et al, 2010 (France)42	105	Cases recruited from memory clinic: suffering from mild to moderately severe dementia using standard criteria for respective disease. Controls: recruited from community matched to patients in sex, age, and educational level. Refusals not described	Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), controls (C)	MMSE: AD: MMSE: 22 (14–28) FTD: MMSE: 27 (14–30) DLB: MMSE: 24 (13–28) C: MMSE: 29 (25–30)	AD: 74 (50–79), FTD: 61 (51–78), DLB: 71 (57–78), C: 68 (50–79)	AD: 65% F, FTD: 52% F, DLB: 36% F, C: 47% F	No	Not described	Memory Clinic
Saunders, 1998 (US)43	17	Patients recruited from MDT memory clinic. Approach to sampling and refusals not described	Alzheimer’s disease: n= 7, vascular dementia: n = 2, alcohol-related dementia: n= 1, non-impaired: n= 1, mixed dementia: n= 1, other cognitive impairment (folate deficiency, endocrine): n= 4, undetermined dementia aetiology: n= 1	Range of cognitive scores not described	54–86	70% F	Yes	Not described	MDT memory and Alzheimer’s clinic
Saunders, 1998 (US)44	17	Patients recruited from MDT memory clinic. Approach to sampling and refusals not described	Alzheimer’s disease: n= 7, vascular dementia: n = 2, alcohol-related dementia: 1, non-impaired: n = 1, mixed dementia: n= 1, other cognitive impairment (folate deficiency, endocrine): n = 4, undetermined dementia aetiology: n= 1	Range of cognitive scores not described	54–86	70% F	Yes	Not described	MDT memory and Alzheimer’s clinic
Saunders et al, 2011 (US)45	60	Patients recruited through referral from neurology clinic and then later divided into cases or controls depending on presence of cognitive impairment. Sampling strategy and refusals not described	Cognitively impaired (CI): n= 31, not cognitively impaired: n= 29	MMSE: CI group: 5–28 (mean: 18; SD: 6.6). Not routinely administered to non-CI group.	Mean: 73.1 (range: 63–92 years)	CI group: 58% F, non-CI: 48% F	Yes	CI: white, n= 24, black, n = 6, Asian, n = 0, Cuban American, n = 1, Non-CI: white: 22, black, n= 6, Asian, n= 1, Cuban American, n= 0	Outpatient neurology clinic (tertiary referral centre)

ACER = Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised. AD = alzheimer’s dementia. CI = cognitive impairment. F = female. HTS = head turning sign. MCI = mild cognitive impairment. MDT = multidisciplinary team. MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination. SD = standard deviation.