Table 3.

Recent studies using genetic animal models to investigate the role of MKPs in hepatic metabolism

Gene/Prote in	Subcellular Localization	Substrate Specificity	Genetic manipulation/Other strategies	Phenotype in knock-out mouse models	Hepatic MKP expression in obesity	References
MKP-1 (DUSP1)	Nuclear	JNK, p38α/β MAPK	Leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice lacking MKP-1	db/db;mkp-1−/− mice exhibit enhanced hepatic β-oxidation and are protected from hepatic steatosis.	Undetermined	[41]
MKP-1 (DUSP1)	Nuclear	JNK, p38 α/β MAPK	MKP-1 liver- specific knock-out mice	MKP-1 liver- specific KO mice exhibit hepatic insulin resistance and are protected from the development of hepatic steatosis by MKP-1 to regulating FGF21.	Overexpression of MKP-1 in obesity	[25]
MKP-3 (DUSP6)	Cytosolic	ERK	MKP-3 whole-body knock-out mice	Resistant to diet-induced obesity, protection from hepatic steatosis, increased energy expenditure, improved systemic insulin sensitivity	Undetermined	[49]